Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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important problems have also resulted from the absence of optimal survey and excavation strategies needed to locate such sites as well as a failure on the part of archaeologists to understand the relationship between small sites and the larger settlement system (Lennox 1995a; Pihl 1997:100). Studies by Black (this volume), Brumbach and Bender (this volume), Diamond (1995), Feder (1990), Lacy (1999), Lennox (1995), Means (1999), Miroff (this volume), Pendergast (1997), Pilon and Perkins (1997), Smith (1997), and Smith et al. (1997) represent notable exceptions. The archaeology of the early Late Prehistoric period is often characterized as one in which large multifamily villages dominate the landscape. While the occupation of these villages undoubtedly played an important role in the settlement and subsistence systems of these prehistoric populations, small and large camps, resource processing stations, and horticultural hamlets played a critical role in the survival of the pre-Iroquoian populations of the Northeast. According to Lennox (1995:6), “villages must have been a hive of activity . . . with the demands…on local resources being incredible . . . Satellite communities as well as fishing and hunting camps and isolated activity areas must have diffused this environmental drain over a broader area . . . lessening the likelihood of failure.” Descriptions of small fishing, food procurement, and cabin sites in ethnohistoric descriptions of the Huron (Sagard 1939; Tooker 1991:62-67; Trigger 1990:30-39), Mahican (Jameson 1959; see also Brumbach and Bender, this volume), and Five Nations Iroquois (Van den Bogaert 1988) further highlight the important role that these small sites played in the daily survival of Native populations. While descriptions of early Late Prehistoric small sites are regularly found in published articles and unpublished CRM reports, it is important to note that not all small sites contain the same sets of settlement features nor do they function in the same way (Piles and Wilcox 1978:1-2; Ward 1978). As studies by Smith et al. (1997:87-96), Lennox and Hagerty (1995:8-76), and Pihl (1997:97-111) have shown, small sites within a limited geographic region can be quite diverse and represent a wide range of functions, many of which may be unknown to archaeologists. Only by comparing the individual characteristics of these sites (e.g., spatial arrangement, types of artifacts, number and types of features, site size, geographic location, etc.), can archaeologists hope to gain a more complete picture of the role of these small sites in complex settlement systems. EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SETTLE- MENT AND SUBSISTENCE STUDIES IN THE ONEONTA-WORCHESTER AREA Since the first half of the twentieth century, archaeologists have recognized that the Oneonta-Worchester area was extensively occupied by the pre-Iroquoian populations of New York (Bailey 1961; Funk 1993; Funk and Rippeteau 1977; Moorehead 1938; Parker 1922; Ritchie 1944:89-90). However, despite the large number of sites identified, only a limited number of early Late Prehistoric sites have been systematically studied, and archaeologists have offered different viewpoints regarding the occupation of the Oneonta- Worchester area between A.D. 700 and 1300. In the mid-1970s, Snethkamp (1975) and Weide (1975) commented on the apparent absence of early Late Woodland (A.D. 800-1300) occupations near the confluence of the Schenevus Creek and the Susquehanna River. According to Snethkamp (1975:75), “should the apparent absence of Late Woodland material be substantiated by thorough excavation, we would have the interesting prospect that . . . Late Woodland [occupations] did not occur in the area of the junction of Schenevus Creek and the Susquehanna River. This situation poses the question of the effects of ecological and/or social limitations on the distribution of Late Woodland . . . [occupations] . . . in the upper Susquehanna.” Versaggi (1987:303-305) suggests that during the Middle Woodland period (A.D. 100-800), hunter-gatherers tethered seasonal base camps to optimal locations for extended periods. As a result, summer, multitask foraging sites were not commonly occupied, leaving the prehistoric occupants of the Susquehanna Valley to exploit a wide range of resources through the seasonal movement of residential bases. Over time, the seasonal movement of these sites culminated in the occupation of semisedentary villages during the early Late Prehistoric period. However, Versaggi (1987:305) concurs with Snethkamp (1975), stating “east of the Unadilla, the upper Susquehanna contains few sites of the late Woodland period.” Drawing on data from a multi-year study of the region, Funk (1993b:291) similarly argues that the Oneonta-Worchester area was not extensively occupied during the early Late Prehistoric period, stating that although a wide variety of sites can be found in the larger valley extending from Binghamton to Otsego Lake, the portion of the valley encompassing the Oneonta-Worchester area has not produced an 210 Rieth
Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site Types (after Funk 1993:281). Settlement Type Size Description Villages >1 acre (4,032 sq. m) Site includes structural evidence, hearth, food storage, and refuse features along with a diverse array of artifacts. Villages were usually occupied year-round. Horticultural Hamlets
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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