US Marine Corps - The Black Vault

1941 Developments for Amphibious War 227
Ansel, USN, of the Marine Corps Schools Staff and issued in January 1934,
but retitled Manaal for Nava[ Overseas Operations in August 1934. The
January 1934 publication in turn superseded the Landing Fovce Manuals
of the Navy of earlier years which were about 98 percent devoted to the
“Manual of the Infantryman” and the parade, and were mostly non-amphibious
in character despite their titles. The early Landing Force Manuals
basically arose from the need to train sailormen as infantry for the countless
Naval landings on foreign shores to protect American lives and property
during the previous one hundred years, when the Marines had to be supple-
mented with sailormen.
In May 1941, Change No. 1 to the 1938 Landing Operations Doctrine,
based on the more recent Fleet Landing Force Exercises, reports of observers
overseas, and material developments of the 1938–1941 period, was issued.
It was “a complete revision of FTP 167 except for the title page.” 5’ The
WATCHTOWER Operation was based on this massive revision of FTP 167,
although Change No. 2, with 60 new pages was issued in Washington on
1 August 1942, six days before the Tulagi-Guadalcanal landings.
The amphibious experience in the Solomons and in North Africa led to
further revisions, and these came out in another fifty new pages of the
Landing Operations Doctrine in August 1943. In these changes, Rear
Admiral Turner not only had a hand; he many times called the tune.
~ ~fl~;n~ ~~~rd~;~~~Docfrine, 1938, Change No. 1. P. 111