Aircraft Operations. Volume II - Construction of Visual and Instrument ...

II-3-1-4 Procedures — Aircraft Operations — Volume II
1.4.2.7 Offset change-over point (COP). If the change-over point between two facilities is offset due to facility
performance problems the system accuracy limits must be drawn from the farthest facility to a point abeam the COP
and then joined by lines drawn directly from the nearer facility, which in this case have no specific angles (see
Figure II-3-1-7). The COP will be published.
23/11/06
1.4.3 Protection areas associated with turns
1.4.3.1 Turns can be executed overhead a facility or at a fix.
1.4.3.2 Fix or facility tolerances.
a) 4.5° (7.9 %) for VOR angular intersecting tolerance.
b) 6.2° (10.9 % ) for NDB angular intersecting tolerance.
c) If available, DME can be used as a turning point fix. For DME accuracy values, see Part I, Section 2, Chapter 2,
2.4.4, “DME”.
d) Facility tolerances — See Part I, Section 2, Chapter 2, 2.5, “Fix tolerance overheading a station”.
1.4.3.3 Turn parameters. The following turn parameters are applied:
a) altitude — an altitude at or above which the area is designed;
b) temperature — ISA for the specified altitude plus 15° C;
c) indicated airspeed — 585 km/h (315 kt);
d) wind — omnidirectional for the altitude h, w = (12 h + 87) km/h, where h is in kilometres, [w = (2 h + 47) kt,
where h is in thousands of feet];
e) average achieved bank angle: 15°;
f) maximum pilot reaction time: 10 s;
g) bank establishment time: 5 s; and
h) turn anticipation distance: r*tan (α/2), where α is the angle of the course change.
1.4.3.4 Turn area construction. Turn area construction (see Figure II 3-1-5) is comprised of the following four steps:
a) Start of turn area. The turn area starts at line K-K. Line K-K is perpendicular to the nominal track and is located
at a distance of:
1) r*tan (α/2), plus
2) the fix tolerance before the nominal fix or facility
where: α = angle of course change
r = radius of turn