Aircraft Operations. Volume II - Construction of Visual and Instrument ...

I-2-3-2 Procedures — Aircraft Operations — Volume II
23/11/06
2) R = (3 431 tan α)/πV, where V is the TAS in kt;
up to a maximum value of 3 degrees/second.
c) Radius of turn (r) at a designated angle of bank in still air, in km or NM as appropriate. The turn radius for a
given value of R is derived as follows:
r=V/(20π R) where V is the TAS.
d) Wind effect (Eθ) for the time taken to change heading θ degrees, in km or NM as appropriate.
e) Gravity. The value used implicitly in the formulae is 9.80665 m/s 2 (68 625 NM/hour 2 ).
f) c = 6 seconds pilot reaction time.
3.2 TURN INNER BOUNDARY CONSTRUCTION
3.2.1 Turn at an altitude/height
The inner boundary normally originates at the beginning of the turn initiation area from whichever edge of the area
provides the best lateral protection (inner edge if turn < 75°, outer edge if turn ≥ 75°). It then diverges outwards in the
direction of the nominal track with a splay of 15 degrees (see Figures I-2-3-1 a) and b)).
3.2.2 Turns at a designated turning point
On the inner edge of the turn, the primary area boundary starts at the K-line. The edges of the primary and secondary
areas are connected to their counterparts in the subsequent sections. For these connections, the following rules apply:
a) if the point to connect is outside the protection area associated with the subsequent section, then the boundary
converges with the nominal track after the turn at an angle equal to half the angle of turn (A/2); and
b) if the point to connect is inside the protection area associated with the subsequent section, then the boundary
diverges from the nominal track at an angle of 15 degrees.
3.3.1 Construction is as follows:
3.3 TURN OUTER BOUNDARY CONSTRUCTION
a) Point A (see Figure I-2-3-2) is where the curve begins. The parameters that determine its location are:
1) fix tolerance; and
2) flight technical tolerance;
b) from this point there are two methods for constructing the curving portion of the turn outer boundary: