5 r. a b a S i a (Tbilisi) bgeraTSesatyvisobis erTi rigisaTvis qarTvelur ...

sual types of subordinate clauses and, in the same time, they play the role of
means of connection between the syntactical units.
The participle is characterized with the variety of forms and ways of forming
concerning the time and aspect of action.
There are only two forms of the participle which have morphological status.
They are “independent” participles of the past tense (aku-r “seen”, fe-yi
“past”) and the future tense (akva-r “will see”, fi-r “will go”). In the last case
there is the same interrelation between the future and the present tenses, which
are defined by the context and don’t have any special lingual expression. Other
forms of the participle called “interrelated”, “contextual”, in their unsubstantivized
forms don’t differ from those of corresponding forms of Indicative. Being
innovations (compound in structure), correlating participles, as it is, are more
sustained and more concretely double the meaning of time of the independent
participles, i.e. the episode in the future is defined by three main forms making
time portions more definite: akunvai “having seen”, akvazvai “seeing” (usual
present tense), akvazmai “still seeing” (the Present Continuous tense), akvadai
“will see” (general future tense).
The differences and peculiarities in formation of these types of the participle
reflect different nature of the tense they express, as well as special stages
in the development of the verb in the Lezgian language.
The stems of the independent participles are connected with the formation
of the grammar time. They are more productive and fulfill a very constructive
role. The basic paradigm of the verb is built on these two stems exactly.
Thus, the stem producing the form of the simple participle of the past tense can
be found in the formation of verbal forms in the past tense. Consequently, the
stem of the future tense and the stem of the unreal tense coincide. This case is
not a pure coincidence, as well as homonymic oppositional stems which form
these two participles. There exists a sort of correlation, members of which are
the forms of time and aspect, or they function in the sphere of finished / unfinished
action.
The basic syntactical peculiarity of the participle is its forming of participial
constructions, which are not alike according to their semantics and syntax:
some have a special subject different from that of the main predicate, others
don’t have it.
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