An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Reserve System, which is made up of a network of twenty-six protected estuarine areas,and manages a variety of fishery zones and area closures to protect critical habitat forselected species.The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), through the National Park Service (NPS)and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), is also authorized to create and managemarine protected areas. NPS manages the National Park System, which includes nationalparks, monuments, and preserves in ocean areas, as well as ten areas designated asnational seashores on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, and four national lakeshoresalong the Great Lakes coastline. USFWS manages the National Wildlife Refuge System,which includes more than 500 wildlife refuges, many of which are located in ocean andcoastal areas.In 2000, an executive order on Marine Protected Areas directed NOAA and DOI toestablish a Marine Protected Area Center. The Center is charged with developing a frameworkfor a national system of marine protected areas and providing federal, state, territorial,tribal, and local governments with information, tools, and strategies for effectivelydesigning and managing such areas. The Center has made progress in improving coordinationand working to establish a national system of marine protected areas; however, furtherconsolidation of the many related federal programs may be needed. Simplifying themultiplicity of marine protected area management regimes can lessen confusion, fosterstewardship, and enhance enforcement. (Federal marine protected area programs are summarizedin Appendix D.)MPAs can be uniquetools in the marineresource managementtoolbox, because theyshift the emphasis ofmarine resourcemanagement fromthe traditional singlespeciesfocus to protectionof a specificarea or habitat andcan often help meetmultiple goals andobjectives.—Dr. William T. Hogarth,Assistant Administratorfor Fisheries, NationalOceanic and AtmosphericAdministration,testimony to the Commission,April 2002The Role of Marine Protected AreasMarine protected areas are important tools for ecosystem-based management, althoughthey will not in and of themselves deliver long-term sustainable use of the oceans. Otherpressing problems will continue to require attention, including resource use outside protectedareas, point and nonpoint source pollution, and intensive coastal development. Forthis reason, marine protected areas are most effective when they are designed within thebroader context of regional ecosystem planning and adaptive management, and when theyare employed in conjunction with other management tools.When a marine protected area is determined to be the best approach for addressingecosystem goals in a particular area, its design must take a number of factors into consideration.These factors include local, state, regional, and national objectives, ecosystemcharacteristics and threats, competing uses within the targeted area, ecological andsocioeconomic impacts, and the capacity for effective implementation and enforcementof the protected area. Marine protected areas must also be designed using the best availablescientific information to ensure that their establishment is likely to meet the intendedobjectives. Monitoring, periodic assessment, and modification are also essential to ensurethe continuing effectiveness of marine protected areas and to remain accountable toaffected stakeholders.Although at times controversial, appropriately designed and implemented marineprotected areas have proven useful. A 2001 report by the National Research Councilconcluded that marine protected areas can be effective in maintaining marine biologicaldiversity and protecting habitats, and have the potential to provide a flexible, spatiallybasedmanagement framework for addressing multiple ecological and socioeconomicobjectives. 1 The report stated that, in particular, closing certain areas to fishing—temporarily,seasonally, or permanently—can advance sustainable fisheries management andprovide insurance against uncertainties in fisheries science. Nevertheless, design andimplementation of marine protected areas, like any other marine resource managementmeasure, must be considered in the context of broader planning and the implementationof a coordinated regime.104 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
NOAA Photo LibraryThis giant kelp forest in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary is one of the unique habitatsfound in marine protected areas.National InterestsIt is appropriate for marine protected areas to be designed and implemented with stronginput from the regional, state, and local levels. However, because marine protected areashave the potential to affect issues of national concern, such as freedom of navigation, therewill always be a need for national-level oversight. With its multiple use, ecosystem-basedperspective, the National Ocean Council is the appropriate entity for overseeing the developmentof a uniform process to design, implement, and evaluate marine protected areas.The design of marine protected areas should not unreasonably limit importantnational interests, such as international trade, national security, recreation, clean energy,economic development, and scientific research. For example, in most cases, freedom ofnavigation through marine protected areas should not be restricted. However, where someinfringement on such national interests is deemed essential to achieve the purposes of amarine protected area, restrictions should be based on the best available scientific information,with a plan for ongoing monitoring and modifications over time. The overallecological and socioeconomic impacts of marine protected areas need to be assessed atthe national level.Recommendation 6–3The National Ocean Council should develop national goals and guidelines leading to a uniformprocess for the effective design, implementation, and evaluation of marine protected areas.The process should include the following:• marine protected area designations that are based on the best available science toensure that an area is appropriate for its intended purpose.• periodic assessment, monitoring, and modification to ensure continuing ecological andsocioeconomic effectiveness of marine protected areas.• design and implementation that consider issues of national importance, such as freedomof navigation, and are conducted in the context of an ecosystem-based comprehensiveoffshore management regime.C HAPTER 6: COORDINATING M ANAGEMENT IN F EDERAL WATERS105
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
Page 92 and 93: The architects of ocean-related pro
Page 94 and 95: Congress on ocean and coastal issue
Page 96 and 97: Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 100 and 101: USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
Page 102 and 103: Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
Page 104 and 105: damage is also high, managers shoul
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
Page 108 and 109: PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
Page 110 and 111: The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
Page 113 and 114: PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
Page 115 and 116: Government agencies work on these a
Page 117 and 118: Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
Page 119 and 120: • reach out to state, territorial
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
Page 123 and 124: References1 National Research Counc
Page 125 and 126: significant initiative by federal a
Page 127 and 128: The California Bay-Delta Authority
Page 129 and 130: Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
Page 131 and 132: Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
Page 133 and 134: data collection efforts are essenti
Page 136 and 137: CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
Page 138 and 139: nisms for managing new ocean uses.
Page 140 and 141: sure that disputes are resolved and
Page 144: Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
Page 147 and 148: Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
Page 149 and 150: Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
Page 151 and 152: Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
Page 153 and 154: Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
Page 159 and 160: PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
Page 161 and 162: Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
Page 163 and 164: Therefore, the interaction and invo
Page 165 and 166: NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
Page 167 and 168: Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
Page 171 and 172: Bridging the Gap between Scientists
Page 173 and 174: Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
Page 175 and 176: creativity that has expanded our un
Page 177 and 178: Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
Page 179 and 180: Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
Page 181 and 182: Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
Page 183 and 184: to reach desired outcomes. While fe
Page 187 and 188: PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
Page 189 and 190: Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
Page 191 and 192: state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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