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Box 15.2 Keeping Up With New ContaminantsIn recent years, a number of studies have demonstrated the presence of contaminants thathad not previously been measured in the environment. These include many commonly-usedcompounds such as insecticides, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, hormones, fire retardants, detergents,and other industrial chemicals that are produced in high volumes and can be introducedto the environment during their production, use, or disposal. They have likely been present inthe environment since they entered commerce, but the technologies for their detection haveonly recently become widely available.Analytical techniques rarely permit the detection of every chemical within anenvironmental sample. Therefore, monitoring efforts typically look for compounds from apre-selected list. In the 1970s, EPA established a list of 129 priority pollutants (there arecurrently 126) that were chosen out of thousands of candidates based on their presumedprevalence in surface waters and their ability to be analyzed. This list still remains thestandard for environmental assessments, although it ignores many highly relevant chemicals.Some of the recently-detected compounds are long-lived and can accumulate to highconcentrations in the environment, wildlife, and humans. They have also become widelydispersed, spreading even to distant Arctic areas. Most of these compounds have only recentlybeen considered as environmental contaminants, so information on their toxicology is stilllacking. As analytical technologies improve and new contaminants continue to be found, itwill be important to understand the presence and toxicologic significance of these compoundsin the environment and to update the list of priority pollutants to include such compounds.Design Based on User InputThe national monitoring network will require not only federal coordination, but also significantinput from state, territorial, tribal, and local governments, as well as academic andresearch institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and volunteer monitoring groups.The monitoring network should be designed with regional needs in mind, in a way thatanswers the questions of greatest interest to the end users. To maximize the value of monitoringinformation, users should be fully included from the start in designing the network.The regional ocean information programs, discussed in Chapter 5, are appropriate entitiesto provide the monitoring network with input concerning regional information needs.Recommendation 15–3The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, working with states and other appropriate entities, shouldensure that the national monitoring network has clear goals, specifies core variables and anappropriate sampling framework, and is periodically reviewed and updated. These agenciesshould also work with the regional ocean information programs to determine regional andlocal information needs.Specifically, the national monitoring network should include the following elements:• clearly defined goals that fulfill user needs and provide measures of management success.• a core set of variables to be measured at all sites, with regional flexibility to measureadditional variables where needed.• an overall system design that determines where, how, and when to monitor and includesa mix of time and space scales, probabilistic and fixed stations, and stressor- and effectsorientedmeasurements.• technical coordination that establishes standard procedures and techniques.• periodic review of the monitoring network, with modifications as necessary to ensurethat useful goals are being met in a cost-effective way.234 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Making Data Accessible and UsefulA coordinated national monitoring network will produce an enormous amount of data.However, for these data to be helpful, they must be processed and converted into timelyinformation products that are useful and accessible to a broad community of decisionmakers, the public, and other potential end users. These information products should takefull advantage of previously collected monitoring data, as well as data from a variety ofother sources.Monitoring data, whether newly collected or mined from old sources, should becomepart of a broad national environmental data management system. Such a system can combinedata from many sources, including the IOOS (as discussed in Chapter 26), to createinformation products. The process of receiving, managing, and translating data isdescribed in greater detail in Chapter 28; it will be key to merging monitoring and IOOSdata to create seamless products across the land/ocean interface.References1 Keeley, D., et al. “More Effectively Using Our Observing, Monitoring, Research and Education Infrastructure.”Presentation to California and the World Ocean Conference. Santa Barbara, CA, October 2002.2 U.S. Geological Survey. “National Streamflow Information Program.” Accessed January 20, 2004.3 U.S. Geological Survey. “The National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Entering a New Decade of Investigations.”USGS Fact Sheet 071–01. Washington, DC, 2001.4 National Research Council. Opportunities to Improve the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality AssessmentProgram. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.5 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “State of the Coast.” Accessed January 20, 2004.6 U.S. Geological Survey. “The Strategy for Improving Water-Quality Monitoring in the United States—Summary.” Accessed January 20, 2004.C HAPTER 15: CREATING A N ATIONAL M ONITORING N ETWORK235
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
Page 221 and 222: Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224: One of the difficulties in undertak
Page 225 and 226: Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
Page 227 and 228: The National Shoreline Management S
Page 230 and 231: CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
Page 232 and 233: Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
Page 234 and 235: Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
Page 236 and 237: Recommendation 13-2Congress should
Page 238 and 239: Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
Page 241 and 242: PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
Page 243 and 244: Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
Page 245 and 246: sources, such as industrial facilit
Page 247 and 248: meet water quality goals. Decisions
Page 249 and 250: Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
Page 251 and 252: nants over land, into streams and g
Page 253 and 254: Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
Page 255 and 256: USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
Page 257 and 258: Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260: Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
Page 261 and 262: assisting in the implementation of
Page 263 and 264: References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
Page 265 and 266: Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
Page 267 and 268: EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
Page 269 and 270: local, and municipal governments, w
Page 271: System DesignSampling protocols are
Page 275 and 276: and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
Page 277 and 278: Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280: Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282: Recommendation 16-5Congress should
Page 283 and 284: Voluntary actions can provide a use
Page 285 and 286: Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
Page 287 and 288: developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290: 25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
Page 291 and 292: Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
Page 293 and 294: Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
Page 295 and 296: Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
Page 297 and 298: Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
Page 299 and 300: tant for ballast water, coordinated
Page 301 and 302: 10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
Page 303 and 304: each in the entire world. 3 A study
Page 305 and 306: Research Program), directed by NOAA
Page 307 and 308: established simply on the basis of
Page 309: References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313: CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
Page 314 and 315: Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
Page 316 and 317: While determining allowable biologi
Page 318 and 319: Although the Secretary of Commerce
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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Recommendation 19-15Congress should
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
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Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
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monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
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single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
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Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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