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coastal watershed counties grew by 37 million people (Appendix C) and is projected toincrease by another 21 million by 2015. 51 At that point, the U.S. coasts will have absorbedmore than 58 million additional residents since 1970—more than 1.1 million a year. Thissteady influx of people into a relatively small area has already created coastal populationdensities that are on average two to three times higher than that of the nation as a whole(Figure 1.5).The environmental impacts of rising population density in the coastal zone have beenmagnified by a relative shift in population and housing development away from expensiveshoreline property and toward the upland reaches of coastal watersheds. This has had theeffect of expanding environmental consequences over larger geographic areas and haseroded the health of ecosystems and resources throughout coastal watersheds.Most development profoundly changes the landscape. Impervious materials such asconcrete or asphalt typically cover 25–60 percent of the land surface in medium-density,single-family-home residential areas, and more than 90 percent in strip malls, urban areas,and other commercial sites. 52 Research indicates that nearby water bodies can becomeseriously degraded when more than 10 percent of a watershed is covered by roads, parkinglots, rooftops, and similar surfaces. 53 A one-acre parking lot produces sixteen times thevolume of runoff that comes from a one-acre meadow. 54 Expanding coastal sprawl can alsodestroy natural habitats, thus compromising the environment’s ability to provide food andrefuge for wildlife or supply ecosystem services, such as maintaining water quality.These concerns are exacerbated by the fact that land is being developed for housing atmore than twice the rate of population growth. 55 This is partly the result of a decline inthe size of the average American household from 3.14 people in 1970 to 2.59 people in2000. 56 Nearshore areas also experience spurts of temporary population growth—fromcommuters, vacationers, day-tourists and others—creating a robust demand for seasonalhousing. The result is pressure for development in nearshore areas accelerating at a ratefar greater than might be expected based simply on population trends.A less apparent, but still important contributor to developmental pressures is theincreasing rate of overall economic growth that is occurring in nearshore areas. Althoughpopulation and housing are moving upstream within coastal watersheds, economicgrowth has been occurring more rapidly—and more intensely—along the nearshore. Thisgrowth has tended to focus on the trade and service industries, which use more land perunit of output than other types of activity. Thus, it is important to understand the significanceof the growing recreation and tourism industry and the relative impact its relatedbusinesses are having on the coast, in addition to managing coastal population growth.Natural HazardsAs the nation’s shores become more densely populated, people and property are increasinglyvulnerable to costly natural hazards. Before 1989, no single coastal storm had causedinsured losses greater than $1 billion. 57 Since then, at least ten storms have resulted insuch losses, including Hurricane Andrew, with insured losses of $15.5 billion and totaleconomic losses estimated at $30 billion (in 1992 dollars). 58,59Coastal erosion, storm surges, tsunamis, and sea level rise are serious threats to peopleliving and working along the shore, particularly in low-lying areas. Roughly 1,500homes and the land on which they are built are lost to erosion each year, with annualcosts to coastal property owners expected to average $530 million over the next severaldecades. 60 In some instances, American engineering capability has improved protectionagainst natural hazards along the coast; in others, however, it has made us more vulnerable.The loss of wetlands and other shoreline vegetation increases susceptibility to erosion andflooding. The installation of seawalls, groins, and other coastal armoring structures canalter patterns of sediment and current flow, eventually accelerating erosion, rather thanpreventing it.42 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Figure 1.5 Population Density Peaks Near the Shore0 100MilesAlaskaHawaiiU.S.densityis 79.6People per square mile by statePeople per squaremile by county3,000.0 to 6,6940.0300.0 to 2,999.9160.0 to 299.979.6 to 159.97.0 to 79.51.0 to 6.90.0 to 0.90 100MilesPuerto Rico0 100Miles0 100MilesU.S.densityis 79.6300.0 to 9,316.079.6 to 299.97.0 to 79.51.1 to 6.9As shown by 2000 U.S. Census figures, population density is generally highest in coastal areas, including counties surrounding theGreat Lakes. Population growth and increasing population density in coastal counties reflect the attraction of the coast but alsoresult in increased environmental impacts on coastal ecosystems.Source: U.S. Census Bureau. “Census 2000.” (Accessed March 2004).Climate ChangeAverage global temperatures have been rising over the last several decades. Scientistsbelieve these changes are probably due primarily to the accumulation of greenhouse gasesin Earth’s atmosphere from human activities, although natural variability may also be acontributing factor. 61 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports that theaverage near-surface temperature of the Earth increased by about 1˚F between 1861 and1990, but is expected to increase by another 2.5—10.4˚F by the end of this century. 62 Asoceans warm, the global spread and incidence of human diseases, such as cholera andmalaria, may also increase. 63,64 Marine organisms that are sensitive to temperature musteither alter their geographic distribution or face extinction. Already, changing ocean conditionsin the North Pacific have altered ecosystem productivity and have been associatedwith poor ocean survival of young salmon and modifications in the composition ofnearshore fish populations. 65 43C HAPTER 1: RECOGNIZING O CEAN A SSETS AND C HALLENGES
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5:
THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
Page 14 and 15:
Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
Page 22 and 23:
CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29:
Expanding Research and Education ..
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33: Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 34 and 35: LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
Page 36 and 37: LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
Page 38 and 39: PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
Page 40 and 41: The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43: The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45: Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
Page 46 and 47: appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49: Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51: Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
Page 52 and 53: Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
Page 54 and 55: ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57: To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59: liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 62 and 63: pation of all ocean-related federal
Page 64: also produce revenues in time, and
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
Page 70 and 71: Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
Page 72 and 73: Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
Page 76 and 77: Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
Page 78 and 79: chemicals tend to bind to particles
Page 82 and 83: One of the most immediate phenomena
Page 84 and 85: 30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
Page 88 and 89: ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
Page 90 and 91: The legislation was prompted by the
Page 92 and 93: The architects of ocean-related pro
Page 94 and 95: Congress on ocean and coastal issue
Page 96 and 97: Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 100 and 101: USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
Page 102 and 103: Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
Page 104 and 105: damage is also high, managers shoul
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
Page 108 and 109: PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
Page 110 and 111: The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
Page 113 and 114: PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
Page 115 and 116: Government agencies work on these a
Page 117 and 118: Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
Page 119 and 120: • reach out to state, territorial
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
Page 123 and 124: References1 National Research Counc
Page 125 and 126: significant initiative by federal a
Page 127 and 128: The California Bay-Delta Authority
Page 129 and 130: Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430:
Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441:
Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443:
Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609:
Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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