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acceptable progress. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and NOAA were taskedwith developing a ten-year exploration plan. Although reconnaissance surveys of much of theEEZ were completed through 1990, more detailed assessments were never pursued. Duringthe late 1990s, efforts to explore the EEZ and beyond lagged due to budgetary constraints.In 2000, however, the President’s Panel on Ocean Exploration called for a robustnational ocean exploration program propelled by the spirit of discovery. The panel proposedmultidisciplinary expeditions and annual funding of $75 million, not including thecost of providing a dedicated ship and undersea vehicle. 9 These recommendations led tothe establishment of the Office of Exploration within NOAA, at a token funding level of$4 million in fiscal year 2001, increasing to $14 million in each of fiscal years 2002 and2003. This is helping NOAA fulfill its applied science, environmental assessment, andtechnology development responsibilities, although the program’s small budget andagency-specific focus limit its effectiveness.A 2003 National Research Council report reiterated the need for a comprehensivenational ocean exploration program strongly linked to traditional research, with broadinternational partnerships, and a commitment to educational opportunities. 10 The reportoffered specific recommendations on exploration priorities, management models, andtechnology and infrastructure requirements. It also presented detailed cost analyses andprojections for programs at various levels of sophistication, including costs for capitalconstruction and annual operations.NOAA and the National Science Foundation (NSF), by virtue of their missions andmandates, are well positioned to lead a global U.S. ocean exploration effort. NOAA currentlyruns the Office of Ocean Exploration, but NSF’s focus on basic research provides anexcellent complement to NOAA’s more applied mission. Working together, the two agencieshave the capacity to systematically explore and conduct research in previously unexaminedocean environments. To succeed, coordination, joint funding, and interactionswith academia and industry will be essential.Recommendation 25–6The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Science Foundationshould lead an expanded national ocean exploration program, with additional involvementfrom the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Navy’s Office of Naval Research. Public outreachand education should be integral components of the program.The dedicated infrastructure needed for an expanded national ocean exploration programis discussed in Chapter 27.Coordinating and Consolidating Marine OperationsThe need for routine mapping, monitoring, and assessment of U.S. ocean and coastalwaters (referred to as marine operations) has grown significantly in the past two decades.Accurate, up-to-date maps and charts of harbors, coastlines, and the EEZ are necessary formany activities, including shipping, military operations, and scientific research. In addition,expanded regulatory regimes rely heavily on routine assessments of living and nonlivingmarine resources and water quality. Unfortunately, the accuracy and resolution ofexisting information is inadequate, and ocean and coastal environments are changingfaster than can be documented by the current number and frequency of surveys.Modern sensor technologies, which can detect new variables in greater detail in thewater column and seafloor, have improved our ability to follow changing ocean and terrestrialdynamics. As these new technologies are implemented, they need to be calibratedagainst previous methods, as well as with each other, to provide useful environmentalcharacterizations and ensure the consistency of long-term data sets.388 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies that ConductScience-based Marine Operations• Coast Guard• Environmental Protection Agency• Federal Emergency Management Agency• Minerals Management Service• National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency• National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration• National Science Foundation• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service• U.S. Geological Survey• U.S. NavyIntegrated National Maps and AssessmentsAt least eleven federal agencies (Box 25.2), almost all coastal states, and many local agencies,academic institutions, and private companies are involved in mapping, charting, andassessing living and nonliving resources in U.S. waters. However, different organizationsuse varying methods for collecting and presenting these data, leading to disparate productsthat contain gaps in the information they present.Ideally, a variety of information, such as bathymetry, topography, bottom type, habitat,salinity, and vulnerability, should be integrated into a single map using Global PositioningSystem coordinates and a common geodetic reference frame. In addition, it is importantfor these maps to include information on living marine resources, energy resources, andenvironmental data when available. Only then will it be possible to create the completeocean characterizations necessary for developing and implementing science-based, ecosystem-basedmanagement approaches. However, achieving this integration in the coastalzone is an extremely complex proposition.By launching the Geospatial One-Stop Portal, the Office of Management and Budgethas taken steps to avoid the collection of redundant data, facilitate information sharing,and plan for future integrated mapping and charting. This Web-based server providesnational base maps with administrative and political boundaries that can also incorporateinformation on agriculture, atmosphere and climate, hazards vulnerability, ecology, economics,conservation, human health, inland water resources, transportation networks,and utilities. Furthermore, federal agency coordination is led by the Federal GeographicData Committee (FGDC)—a nineteen member interagency committee composed of representativesfrom the Executive Office of the President and departments and independentagencies that promotes the coordinated use, sharing, and dissemination of geospatial dataon a national basis. The FGDC is currently developing the National Spatial Data Infrastructurein cooperation with state, tribal, and local governments, the academic community, and theprivate sector. This initiative includes policies, standards, and procedures for organizationsto cooperatively produce and share geographically-linked data.Federal agencies must continue to integrate and share data in the quest to create readilyaccessible maps that track geological, physical, biological, and chemical features in threedimensions. The fourth dimension—time—should also be incorporated wherever possibleto track changes in ocean and coastal resources over the short and long terms.Federal Mapping and Charting ActivitiesMaps of coastal land areas, and charts of nearshore and offshore areas, are essential forsafe navigation and for defining boundaries, mitigating hazards, tracking environmentalchanges, and monitoring uses. Because many organizations have mapping and chartingresponsibilities, there are significant overlaps. This situation results in multiple entitieswithin government, industry, and academia undertaking the expensive and time-consumingC HAPTER 25: CREATING A N ATIONAL S TRATEGY FOR I NCREASING S CIENTIFIC K NOWLEDGE389
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380: Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382: Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
Page 383 and 384: Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 385 and 386: waters used for drinking and public
Page 387 and 388: The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
Page 391 and 392: over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394: Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396: Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400: State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404: The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406: Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
Page 407 and 408: commercial recovery, including offs
Page 411 and 412: PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414: hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416: down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417 and 418: ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420: Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422: ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424: The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425: The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 429 and 430: Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435: An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437: nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439: One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441: Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443: Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445: Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447: Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448: Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452: This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454: Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456: University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458: cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460: communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462: A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464: surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466: References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468: Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470: to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472: Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474: • coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476: Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480:
PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598:
Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609:
Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613:
Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615:
Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623:
APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628:
APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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