An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Figure 24.2 A “Process Rich” but Clear Path to Offshore Leasing,Exploration, and Development ActivitiesPre-LeaseDevelop 5-Year ProgramSolicitCommentsPlanning for Specific SaleCall forInformationPublished45-dayCommentPeriod45-dayCommentPeriodDefineSale AreaDraftProposedProgramPublishedDraft EIS60-dayCommentPeriod45-dayCommentPeriodProposedProgramDraft EISPublishedFinal EISPublishedCD toStatesProposedNoticeDistributed90-dayCommentPeriod30-dayPre-decisionPeriod90-dayReview*60-dayCommentPeriodProposedFinal ProgramNotice ofSaleFinal EIS30-dayCommentPeriod60-dayWaitingPeriodSale5-YearProgramAnnouncedLeasesIssuedExploration Plan ApprovalExplorationPlan SubmittedEnvironmentalAssessmentExplorationPlan Approved90-day CZMReviewApprovedAPD ApprovedExplorationDrilling StartsFirst ExplorationWell CompletedDelineationDrillingPost-LeaseDevelopment and Production Plan ApprovalDevelopmentand ProductionPlanCZM ReviewStartsCZMConsistencyReview StartsDraft EISPublished90-dayCommentPeriodPermits GrantedFinal EISPublishedCZMConsistencyObtainedProduction WellApplicationFirst Oil/GasProductionDevelopment &Production PlanApprovedAbbreviations:APD: Application for Permit to DrillCD: Consistency DeterminationCZM: Coastal Zone ManagementEIS: Environmental Impact StatementThe process for companies and other stakeholders to comment on proposed sales, and to lease, explore, and develop the outerContinental Shelf, is clearly defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. Although the process involves many steps, itscomprehensiveness and transparency not only set out clear comment periods for coastal states and other interestedstakeholders, but also provide companies greater predictability about the procedures they must follow to receive approval fortheir exploration and production work.* Includes 60-day comment period and 15-day automatic extension. Unless state concurs, no decision can be made until 90 days after beginning ofstate review.Source: Minerals Management Service, Washington, DC.After an initial bumpy start in the implementation of major amendments to its basiclaw, the problems encountered by the offshore oil and gas program today are generallyexternal to its day-to-day administration and regulatory requirements. Although a numberof different variables have to be taken into consideration in crafting a regime for otherocean uses, the scope and comprehensiveness of the OCS oil and gas program can be amodel for the management of a wide variety of offshore activities.356 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and Gas ProductionCurrently, energy development in federal waters accounts for more than 30 percent ofdomestic oil production and 25 percent of natural gas. Further, of the oil and natural gasstill to be discovered in the United States, energy experts estimate that some 60 percentwill come from offshore areas. 3More than 95 percent of U.S. offshore oil and gas production takes place in the westernand central Gulf of Mexico, where there is an established infrastructure and generalpublic acceptability. There is still some offshore production in Southern California andlimited leasing and exploration in federal waters off Alaska. The first oil production froma joint federal-state unit in the Beaufort Sea (Alaska) commenced in 2001.The importance of offshore oil and natural gas to the nation’s total energy portfolio isexpected to increase. The U.S. Energy Information Administration projects the UnitedStates will need about 35–40 percent more natural gas and about 45 percent more oil by2025 to meet demand, even as new energy conservation measures are mandated and effortsto develop alternative power sources continue. 4 Government and industry experts areconcerned that rising demand for and limited supplies of natural gas will continue to boostheating and electricity costs, affecting homeowners and a range of major industries. Nearlyall U.S. electric-generating plants built since 1998 are fueled by natural gas (Box 24.1).Rise in Deep-water Oil ProductionAlthough production in the Gulf of Mexico’s heavily leased shallow waters has been steadilydeclining, production in its deeper waters (more than 1,000 feet), which tend to producemore oil than natural gas, increased by over 500 percent between 1995 and 2002. 5 In part,this growth was attributable to technological breakthroughs, the relative stabilization ofcrude oil prices, and the enactment of legislation in 1995 granting various levels of royaltyrelief to lessees willing to make the risky investment in the Gulf’s deeper waters. Deepwateroil production now accounts for more than half of the Gulf’s total production. 6Additionally, the technology for ultra–deep-water development continues to advance withthe drilling of a number of exploratory and production wells in water depths greater than7,000 feet. Recently, a world record exploratory well was drilled in 10,000 feet of water.A Promising Future for Natural Gas from Shallow WaterMMS estimates there is up to 55 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of natural gas available for productionin the deeper stratigraphic horizons on the continental shelf of the Gulf (15,000 feetbelow the seabed but in shallow-water depths of less than 656 feet). This estimate is 175percent greater than the previous projection of 20 tcf just a few years ago. This is a hopefulsign of additional sources of natural gas to meet a portion of the nation’s future needs.Natural gas production from the deeper horizons on the continental shelf of the Gulfincreased from a relatively low 284 billion cubic feet (bcf) in 2000 to 421 bcf in 2002.This 2-year, 50 percent increase follows immediately after a 3-year, 21 percent decreasebetween 1997 and 2000. 7 To bolster industry interest in this high-cost deep drilling area,in 2001, MMS instituted a program of deep shelf royalty relief for natural gas production.This economic incentive, combined with more sophisticated cost-effective technology,improved seismic data, better understanding of the potential from the deep shelf, andincreased public demand, is likely to provide the impetus for even further acceleratednatural gas production from the OCS.Federal Revenues from Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing and ProductionThe federal government receives a substantial amount of revenue from energy companiesfor offshore oil and gas leasing and production. OCS lessees make three categories of pay-CHAPTER 24: MANAGING OFFSHORE ENERGY AND OTHER MINERAL RESOURCES357
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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Page 351 and 352: PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Page 368 and 369: CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371: which are widespread in European sa
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Page 374: Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380: Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382: Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
Page 383 and 384: Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
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Page 393: Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400: State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404: The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406: Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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Page 411 and 412: PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414: hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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Page 419 and 420: Natural Hazards• basic understand
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Page 425 and 426: The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428: Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430: Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435: An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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Page 438 and 439: One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441: Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443: Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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