An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Chapter 21: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Coral CommunitiesRecommendation 21–1Congress should establish a Coral Protection and Management Act that enhances research,protection, management, and restoration of coral ecosystems.The new legislation should include the following elements:• mapping, monitoring, assessment, and research programs to fill critical information gaps,to be carried out primarily through the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration and the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force in partnership with the academicresearch community.• increased protections for vulnerable coral reefs, including the use of marine protected areas.• liability provisions for damages to coral reefs, similar to those in the National MarineSanctuaries Act, but with greater flexibility to use funds in a manner that provides maximumshort- and long-term benefits to the reef.• support for state-level coral reef management.• outreach activities to educate the public about coral conservation and reduce human impacts.• support for U.S. involvement, particularly through the sharing of scientific and managementexpertise, in bilateral, regional, and international coral reef management programs.Recommendation 21–2As part of the new Coral Protection and Management Act, Congress should codify andstrengthen the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force and place it under the oversight of the NationalOcean Council (NOC).The Coral Reef Task Force should be strengthened in the following ways:• it should report to the NOC’s Committee on Ocean Resource Management.• its membership should be expanded to include the U.S. Department of Energy and specifyparticipation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers within the U.S. Department of Defense.• in collaboration with the states and territories, it should coordinate the development andimplementation of regional ecosystem-based plans to address the impacts of nonpointsource pollution, fishing, and other activities on coral reef resources.Recommendation 21–3The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) should serve as the leadagency for management of deep-water coral communities. In this role, NOAA should workwith states, academic institutions, and others to enhance national capabilities related todeep-water corals, including expanded surveys of their distribution and abundance andresearch on the major threats to their continued existence. After an appropriate review,NOAA should make recommendations to the National Ocean Council on the advisability ofexpanding the Coral Reef Task Force’s charter and membership to oversee deep-water corals orcreating a similar task force on deep-water corals.Recommendation 21–4The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration should develop national standards—and promote adoption of international standards—to ensure that coral reef resources areharvested in a sustainable manner. The U.S. Department of State should implement incentiveprograms to encourage international compliance with these standards.Recommendation 21–5The U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, in coordination with the regional ocean information programs,should develop regional, ecosystem-based research plans to help protect coral reefecosystems. These plans should guide agency research funding and be incorporated into thedesign and implementation of the national monitoring network and the Integrated OceanObserving System.510 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Sustainable AquacultureRecommendation 22–1Congress should amend the National Aquaculture Act to designate the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as the lead federal agency for marine aquaculture,create an Office of Sustainable Marine Aquaculture in NOAA, and designate the Secretaryof Commerce as a permanent co-chair, along with the Secretary of Agriculture, of the JointSubcommittee on Aquaculture. NOAA should use this authority to design and implementnational policies for environmentally and economically sustainable marine aquaculture.Recommendation 22–2The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s new Office of Sustainable MarineAquaculture should be responsible for developing a comprehensive, environmentally-soundpermitting, leasing, and regulatory program for marine aquaculture.The permitting and leasing system and implementing regulations should:• reflect a balance between economic and environmental objectives consistent withnational and regional goals.• be coordinated with guidelines and regulations developed at the state level.• include a system for the assessment and collection of a reasonable portion of theresource rent generated from marine aquaculture projects that rely on ocean resourcesheld in the public trust.• include the development of a single, multi-agency permit application for proposedmarine aquaculture operations.• include a permit review process that includes public notice and an opportunity for state,local, and public comment.• require applicants to post a bond or other financial guarantee to ensure that any laterperformance problems can be remedied and that abandoned facilities can be safelyremoved at no additional cost to taxpayers.• require the development, dissemination, and adoption of best management practices,with periodic updates to reflect advances in research and technology.• be well coordinated with other activities in federal waters.Recommendation 22–3The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s new Office of Sustainable MarineAquaculture should expand marine aquaculture research, development, training, extension,and technology transfer, including a socioeconomic component. The Office should set prioritiesfor research and technology, in close collaboration with the National Sea Grant CollegeProgram, states, tribes, academia, industry, and other stakeholders.Recommendation 22–4The United States should work with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization toencourage and facilitate worldwide adherence to the aquaculture provisions of the Code ofConduct for Responsible Fisheries.CHAPTER 31: SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS511
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 498 and 499: Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501: Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503: also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505: Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507: Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508: Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512: • Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514: Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516: Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518: Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520: • expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522: Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524: Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526: • expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528: Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530: Recommendation 10-2The National Oce
Page 531 and 532: Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534: Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536: Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538: Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540: Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542: • the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544: Recommendation 19-12Congress should
Page 545 and 546: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547: Recommendation 20-7The National Oce
Page 551 and 552: • work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554: • an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556: Recommendation 26-6The National Oce
Page 557 and 558: Recommendation 27-4Congress should
Page 559 and 560: Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563: PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567: One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569: (e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571: Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573: ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576: APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578: growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580: 2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582: almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584: 4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586: Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588: Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590: 5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592: 6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594: 7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596: Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598: Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600:
REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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