An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associated withRecommendations of the U.S. Commission on Ocean PolicyListed below are the estimated new costs, in millions of dollars, for implementing the recommendations in each chapter of thisreport. Subcategories highlight costs in certain thematic areas which may include more than one recommendation. A square inthe last column indicates that some relevant costs are not included. Further explanation can be found in the text of this chapteror in Appendix G.Chapter 1: Recognizing Ocean Assets and ChallengesFirst Year Cost(millions of dollars)OngoingAnnual Cost(millions of dollars)no recommendations N/A N/AChapter 2: Understanding the Past to Shape a New National Ocean Policyno recommendations N/A N/AChapter 3: Setting the Nation’s Sightsno recommendations N/A N/AChapter 4: Enhancing Ocean Leadership and CoordinationChapter Total $ 1.062 $ 2.124Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional ApproachChapter Total $ 12.750 $ 48.750 ■Regional ocean councils $ 3.000 $ 12.000Regional ocean information programs $ 9.000 $ 36.000Regional ecosystem assessments $ 0.750 $ 0.750Chapter 6: Coordinating Management in Federal WatersChapter Total $ 6.900 $ 21.800Development of an offshore management regime $ 0.900 $ 1.800Design and implementation of marine protected areas $ 6.000 $ 20.000Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federal Agency StructureChapter Total $ – $ –Chapter 8: Promoting Lifelong Ocean EducationChapter Total $ 25.150 $ 136.370 Ch. 25Support for K–12 efforts $ 11.500 $ 16.040Expansion of the COSEE program $ – $ 29.100Support for undergraduate, graduate, andpost-doctoral students $ – $ 46.000Increasing diversity in ocean fields $ 1.000 $ 3.930Community education and outreach $ 1.250 $ 12.500Other measures $ 11.400 $ 28.800Chapter 9: Managing Coasts and Their WatershedsChapter Total $ 55.000 $ 155.000Strengthening the CZMA program $ 35.000 $ 95.000Support for watershed initiatives $ 20.000 $ 60.000Chapter 10: Guarding People and Property Against Natural HazardsSome costsin otherchaptersSomecosts notshownChapter Total $ 2.500 $ 10.000 ■Chapter 11: Conserving and Restoring Coastal HabitatChapter Total $ 40.000 $ 75.000 ■Chapter 12: Managing Sediment and ShorelinesChapter Total $ 12.500 $ 72.500 Ch. 15, 25 ■Chapter 13: Supporting Marine Commerce and TransportationChapter Total $ 1.500 – ■460 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of Costs Associated withRecommendations of the U.S. Commission on Ocean PolicyFirst Year Cost(millions of dollars)OngoingAnnual Cost(millions of dollars)Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Water PollutionChapter Total $ 11.000 $ 53.900 Ch. 25 ■Addressing point sources $ 2.000 $ 8.500 Ch. 25 ■Addressing nonpoint sources $ 5.000 $ 29.800 Ch. 25 ■Addressing atmospheric deposition $ 4.000 $ 15.600Chapter 15: Creating a National Monitoring NetworkChapter Total $ 10.000 $ 60.000 Ch. 27 ■Chapter 16: Limiting Vessel Pollution and Improving Vessel SafetyChapter Total $ 40.000 $ 88.000 Ch. 25 ■Chapter 17: Preventing the Spread of Invasive SpeciesChapter Total $ 31.500 $ 50.000 Ch. 8, 15, 25 ■Chapter 18: Reducing Marine DebrisChapter Total $ 2.000 $ 5.000Chapter 19: Achieving Sustainable FisheriesChapter Total $ 28.950 $ 87.850 Ch. 25 ■Improvements to Fishery Councils, Commissions, and SSCs $ 7.650 $ 16.550Enhanced cooperative research $ 3.000 $ 10.000Improved fisheries enforcement $ 6.300 $ 12.300Designation of essential fish habitat $ 5.000 $ 15.000 Ch. 25Bycatch reduction $ 5.000 $ 30.000Other measures $ 2.000 $ 4.000Chapter 20: Protecting Marine Mammals and Endangered Marine SpeciesChapter Total $ 7.000 $ 16.000 Ch. 25Chapter 21: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Coral CommunitiesChapter Total $ 7.200 $ 25.200 Ch. 25Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Sustainable Marine AquacultureChapter Total $ 3.000 $ 7.000 Ch. 25Chapter 23: Connecting the Oceans and Human HealthChapter Total $ 2.000 $ 10.000 Ch. 14, 15, 25Expand O&HH research initiative $ – $ – Ch. 25Improve seafood safety and coastal water quality $ 2.000 $ 10.000 Ch. 14,15Chapter 24: Managing Offshore Energy and Other Mineral ResourcesChapter Total $ 1.900 $ 8.800 Ch. 25 ■Offshore renewable energy $ 0.900 $ 1.800Offshore non-energy mineral resources $ 1.000 $ 7.000Chapter 25: Creating a National Strategy for Increasing Scientific KnowledgeChapter Total $ 280.000 $ 960.000 Ch. 27 ■Doubling of basic and applied ocean research investments $ 200.000 $ 650.000Ocean exploration initiative $ 30.000 $ 110.000 Ch. 27Comprehensive national coastal and ocean maps $ 50.000 $ 200.000and chartsChapter 26: Achieving a Sustained, Integrated Ocean Observing SystemChapter Total $ 231.000 $ 753.000Some costsin otherchaptersSomecosts notshownC HAPTER 30: FUNDING N EEDS AND P OSSIBLE S OURCES 461
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448: Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452: This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454: Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456: University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458: cost of approximately $5 million; a
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Page 461 and 462: A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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Page 465 and 466: References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468: Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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Page 471 and 472: Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474: • coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476: Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480: PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482: intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484: the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486: Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488: Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490: Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492: International Ocean Science Program
Page 493: Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 500 and 501: Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503: also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505: Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507: Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508: Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512: • Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514: Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516: Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518: Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520: • expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522: Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524: Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526: • expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528: Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530: Recommendation 10-2The National Oce
Page 531 and 532: Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534: Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536: Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538: Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540: Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542: • the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544: Recommendation 19-12Congress should
Page 545 and 546: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548: Recommendation 20-7The National Oce
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
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Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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