An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

ecosystem–based management,62, 66–67, 104, 473ecosystem diversity, 66, 379education needs, 136, 138, 140and human health, 33, 35,339–340genetic diversity, 66, 379human impacts, 66–67, 206international convention, 54and marine animal models forhuman research, 339in marine protected areas, 104microbial, 341monitoring, 228public support for, 309research needs, 66, 379, 380species diversity, 66, 379bioproductseconomic value, 33, 35, 339industrial uses, 340–341investments in, 340managing discovery anddevelopment, 54, 341, 343molecular probes, 340nutrients, 33, 340pharmaceuticals, 33, 339,340, 341bioprospecting, 100, 343Bush (G.H.W.) administration, 54,178, 354Bush (G.W.) administration, 56,93, 475business (see employment)bycatch (see also fishery management),40, 264, 287, 288,298–299, 302, 303, 306–307,308, 314, 317, 318Caldwell, Jack C., 178CALFED, 89, 159Californiabeach–related activities, 35,151, 182coastal economy, 151coastal zone, 154invasive species, 41, 256, 257,259mineral resources, 368offshore management, 160,354, 357, 358water management projects,182wetlands, 40, 170California Bay–Delta Authority(see CALFED)Canada, ocean policy, 79, 87, 93,223, 224, 261, 275, 284, 301,358cancer, 33, 35, 340, 341, 342Capital Construction Fund, 275,290, 291carbon sequestration, 33, 37,67–68, 450Caribbean Seacoral reefs, 41, 323pollution management, 223,224, 270, 455Carter administration, 117Centers for Disease Control, 339,341, 347Centers for Ocean SciencesEducation Excellence, 124,129, 130, 132, 134channels, 186, 196, 200chart/charting (see mapping andcharting activities)Chesapeake Bay, 41, 86–87, 88,89, 159, 171, 173, 209, 223,261, 332, 422Childers, Dorothy, 298cholera, 43, 346–347 (see alsohuman health)CITES, 303, 326–327, 448Clean Air Act, 157, 224, 245, 366Clean Vessel Act, 243Clean Water Act, 73, 101, 171,214, 224, 241, 243, 266, 324,366amendments, 156, 157, 160,213NPDES program, 207, 211,221Section 319 program, 218,219–220Section 404 program,178–179State Revolving Funds, 207,212, 217, 219climate (see also global climatechange)Global Climate ObservingSystem, 414global system studies, 387,395and oceans, 37, 387Clinton administration, 54, 72, 354Coastal America, 84, 173Coastal and Ocean ResourceEconomics Program, 382coastal areas (see also beaches andshorelines)defining, 34, 35dune ecosystems, 307economy, 31, 32, 34–36, 150,151, 382–384monitoring, 176–177,231–232population pressures, 36,41–42, 43, 150–152real estate, 36, 37water quality, 233, 204–205,349–350watersheds, 31, 32, 34, 154Coastal Barrier Resources Act,155, 163Coastal Barrier Resources System,153, 155coastal habitats, 170–179 (see alsohabitat restoration; wetlands;other specific habitats)Coastal and Estuarine LandConservation Program, 172conservation programs,155–156, 171–172, 176ecosystem–based approach,173, 175, 176, 177funding for, 172, 176inventories and assessments,176–177losses, 40–41, 151, 170, 172regional coordination, 177research needs, 380restoration, 156, 172–176threats to, 151, 170–171value of, 36, 170, 173vulnerability to natural hazards,42, 165coastal planning and management,150–161 (see also development)boundary/jurisdictional considerations,153–154, 155, 157consolidation and coordinationof programs, 156–157,173, 175decision–making layers,152–153, 184existing programs, 152,153–155, 158–159I NDEXH 3