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pling design and intensity, parameters tested, analytical methodology, data managementprotocols, and funding. Even when the same properties are measured, different data managementprotocols may make the integration of that information difficult. 1 Consequently,while a number of monitoring programs exist, they are not designed to support a comprehensiveand coordinated national monitoring network. To make matters worse, budgetconstraints have resulted in significant reductions in monitoring of coastal areas.Responsibility for monitoring and assessing natural resources is divided among anumber of agencies whose activities are focused on achieving specific programmaticobjectives or agency missions.Federal ProgramsThe primary federal agencies involved in monitoring include the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) andthe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers also conduct some limited monitoring.The mission of NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program is to determine the statusof, and detect changes in, the environmental quality of the nation’s estuarine and coastalwaters. The program conducts long-term monitoring of contaminants and other environmentalconditions at approximately 350 sites. In addition, since 1995, NOAA’s NationalEstuarine Research Reserve System has operated the System-wide Monitoring Programdedicated to the collection of long-term environmental information in support of localcoastal management. The primary goal of this monitoring program is to develop quantitativemeasurements of short-term variability and long-term changes in water quality, bioticdiversity, and land-cover characteristics of estuarine ecosystems. The program supportscoastal zone management through collection of real-time and near real-time data, standardizednational data management and quality assurance and quality control procedures,and long-term information collection for a suite of water quality and weather parameters.NOAA also assists coastal states in monitoring harmful algal blooms by partnering withregional management and scientific institutions through the Monitoring and EventResponse for Harmful Algal Blooms (MERHAB) program. MERHAB-sponsored projectsenhance existing water and shellfish monitoring programs by applying new technologiesthat allow for proactive detection of coastal harmful algal bloom events.USGS operates the National Streamflow Information Program, a network of some7,000 stream gages nationwide. About 6,000 of these stations are linked to an Earth satellite-basedcommunications system. The majority of the stream-gaging stations are jointlyfunded in partnerships with more than 800 state, local, and tribal governments or otherfederal agencies. 2 The data are available in real time to conduct water resource projectsand for NOAA’s National Weather Service to forecast floods. Streamflow data are needed atmany sites on a daily basis for forecasting flow extremes, assessing current water availability,and managing water quality and quantity. In addition, USGS conducts long-term waterquality and quantity monitoring through the National Stream Quality Accounting Networkat fixed locations on large rivers around the country. USGS also operates the NationalWater Quality Assessment, which uses a regional focus to study status and trends in water,sediment, and biota in forty-two major river basins and aquifer systems. This effort hasmade considerable progress toward assessing current water quality conditions and longtermtrends. 3 In addition, USGS’s Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and TrendsProgram conducts monitoring of effects of water quality on biota of large rivers. TheContaminant Biology Program develops biomarkers and other tools that can be usedwithin monitoring programs for measuring exposure and effects. This program alsoconducts studies to determine the effects of emerging contaminants.228 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program aims to develop the toolsand science needed for a state-based statistical monitoring framework to determine trendsin the condition of all the nation’s aquatic ecosystems. This program uses a probabilisticsampling design that relies on data from many sites of similar habitat type as the best estimatefor overall condition of that habitat. A variety of information is collected throughthis program, including water column parameters, sediment chemistry and toxicity, andmeasurements of benthic communities. EPA also conducts monitoring through itsNational Estuary Program. As National Estuary Program sites were created, they includedan extensive characterization phase and an estuary-specific monitoring plan. Althoughmost continue monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of their implementation efforts,there is no program-wide monitoring strategy. Finally, EPA is authorized to supportmicrobiological testing and monitoring of coastal recreational waters through the BeachesEnvironmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act, which was designed to reduce the riskof disease to users of the nation’s coastal recreational waters.Several agencies monitor atmospheric deposition, the process by which chemicals inthe air are deposited onto the Earth’s surface in wet and dry forms, contributing significantlyto coastal water pollution. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program, a cooperativeeffort of many different groups, measures deposition of a number of pollutants atmore than 200 sites. The Mercury Deposition Network, one component of this program,measures mercury levels in wet deposition. EPA’s Clean Air Status and Trends Networkalso measures dry deposition at about eighty sites. In addition, the Interagency Monitoringof Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) is a cooperative measurement effort to aidthe creation of federal and state implementation plans for visibility in 156 national parksand wilderness areas.Shortcomings in Federal ProgramsNotwithstanding the many programs described above, their combined efforts do not addup to a comprehensive, coordinated national monitoring network. One severe limitationof current efforts is the lack of monitoring in coastal waters.National monitoring has been greatly reduced, particularly in coastal areas, due tofunding cuts at USGS and many partner agencies. The USGS National Streamflow InformationProgram has eliminated a number of stream gages, including long-term gages thatare critical for studying climate change. To fully realize its potential, the stream-gagingnetwork will need to be modernized and gaps in coverage filled. Funding cuts have alsoaffected USGS’s water quality monitoring programs, resulting in reductions in the numberof sampling sites and sampling frequency. USGS’s National Water Quality Assessment’scoverage has been reduced in recent years, leaving out much of the coastal region. A 2001National Research Council report concluded that while this program has downsized in alogical manner, it cannot continue this trend and still be considered a national programfor assessing water quality. 4Budget constraints have also affected the National Stream Quality AccountingNetwork. At its peak in 1978, this program included 520 fixed-station sampling sites onmoderate and large rivers, which provided monthly estimates of flow rates, suspendedsediment, nutrients, trace metals, indicator bacteria, and phytoplankton. About 140 ofthe sites were located in areas helpful to estimating the input of water and materials toestuaries. 5 Currently, this program focuses only on monitoring the water quality of thenation’s largest rivers—the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado, Rio Grande, and Yukon—with a total of only thirty-two stations. Most coastal regions are left out of the monitoringnetwork altogether (Figure 15.1).C HAPTER 15: CREATING A N ATIONAL M ONITORING N ETWORK229
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
Page 215 and 216: Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
Page 217 and 218: Although it has shown some success
Page 219 and 220: Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
Page 221 and 222: Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224: One of the difficulties in undertak
Page 225 and 226: Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
Page 227 and 228: The National Shoreline Management S
Page 230 and 231: CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
Page 232 and 233: Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
Page 234 and 235: Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
Page 236 and 237: Recommendation 13-2Congress should
Page 238 and 239: Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
Page 241 and 242: PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
Page 243 and 244: Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
Page 245 and 246: sources, such as industrial facilit
Page 247 and 248: meet water quality goals. Decisions
Page 249 and 250: Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
Page 251 and 252: nants over land, into streams and g
Page 253 and 254: Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
Page 255 and 256: USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
Page 257 and 258: Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260: Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
Page 261 and 262: assisting in the implementation of
Page 263 and 264: References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
Page 265: Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
Page 269 and 270: local, and municipal governments, w
Page 271 and 272: System DesignSampling protocols are
Page 273 and 274: Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
Page 275 and 276: and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
Page 277 and 278: Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280: Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282: Recommendation 16-5Congress should
Page 283 and 284: Voluntary actions can provide a use
Page 285 and 286: Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
Page 287 and 288: developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290: 25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
Page 291 and 292: Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
Page 293 and 294: Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
Page 295 and 296: Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
Page 297 and 298: Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
Page 299 and 300: tant for ballast water, coordinated
Page 301 and 302: 10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
Page 303 and 304: each in the entire world. 3 A study
Page 305 and 306: Research Program), directed by NOAA
Page 307 and 308: established simply on the basis of
Page 309: References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313: CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
Page 314 and 315: Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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Recommendation 19-15Congress should
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592:
6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594:
7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596:
Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598:
Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601:
NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609:
Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613:
Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615:
Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623:
APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628:
APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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