An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454national strategy, 377–378and ocean policy making, 54,62U.S. activities abroadvalue of, 374–375Ocean Thermal EnergyConversion Act, 368Ocean.ED (proposed), 160, 475community outreach, 136, 145evaluation of education programs,129funding for, 127, 459recommendations, 475responsibilities, 127, 128, 129science literacy promotion,132, 135workforce preparation, 139,142Ocean.IT (proposed), 375,434–435, 476Ocean.US, 82, 127, 364, 398, 375,397, 398–399, 400, 402, 407,420, 434, 436, 476description, 127, 398Oceans Act of 2000, 55, 58, 59Office of Education andSustainable Development,127–128, 140Office of Management and Budget,81, 112, 389, 476Natural Resources Program,112Office of Naval Research, 113,124, 128, 137, 138, 139, 141,142, 181, 341, 347, 375, 377,385, 388, 402, 418, 419, 477Office of Ocean Policy (proposed),459description, 81–82Office of Science and TechnologyPolicy, 77, 82, 84Office of Sustainable MarineAquaculture (proposed), 334,335Office of Technology Assessment,391–392, 413offshore (see also energy and mineralresources; OuterContinental Shelf Lands Act)aquaculture, 33, 54, 100, 101,332, 336bioprospecting, 343coastal management linked to,158, 160coordinating management in,90, 98–106, 160, 332, 343,361, 368compensation for resources,102–103current authorities andresponsibilities, 98, 100, 101defined, 98energy and mineral resources,53, 98, 99, 100, 158, 174,343, 352–369hazard management, 99international cooperation, 336jurisdiction, 352, 355leasing, 101, 332, 334,353–357movable activities, 100, 101no–leasing buffer zones, 53petroleum industry, 264, 268planning areas, 355–356site–specific activities, 100,101states responsibilities, 99, 101,102, 158, 332, 334, 352–354,361oil (see also energy and mineralresources)bioremediation of spills, 35deep–water production, 357,363demand, 357embargoes, 52, 353environmental issues,361–364infrastructure aging, 246,362–363leases, 49, 53, 54, 71,353–357, 359, 366, 369offshore resource management,99, 158, 174, 352–364political issues, 353–354pollution prevention andresponse, 39, 54, 236, 237,245–248, 268, 362–363production trends, 353, 357from recreational vessels, 248royalty relief, 357, 359safety issues, 361spills, 35, 39, 51, 54, 210,236, 237, 245–248, 353,361–363tankers and barges, 39, 54,194, 245–246supplies, 33Oil Pollution Act, 54, 246, 247OMB (see Office of Managementand Budget)Orbach, Michael, 435Oregon, 152, 157, 160, 257, 354,368Outer Continental Shelf LandsAct, 49, 354, 355, 359, 362,366, 369Amendments of 1978, 53,360, 361, 382outreach (see education and outreach)overfishing (see also fishery management),40, 41, 276, 281,285, 297, 299, 308, 323, 452oysters, 41, 252, 261, 332Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 296,409Pacific Freely Associated States,135, 321Pacific States Marine FisheriesCommission, 284Panetta, Leon, 51partnerships (see also NationalOceanographic PartnershipProgram)conservation, 172educational, 134, 141in energy and mineralresource development, 158,357, 360, 361federal–state, 153, 158–159,311, 357, 360, 361in fishery management,281–282, 292–293funding, 418industry–research community,364information management,435–436international, 93, 223, 380,454IOOS, 396 397, 405, 406,409–410H 20A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
in marine transportation,192–193, 237NOAA–Navy, 435–436public–private, 172, 173, 176,192–193, 222, 237, 242, 270,323, 384, 405, 418research community and academia,49, 124, 125, 129, 130,132, 133, 135–136, 139watershed management, 222passenger ferries, 194, 236PCBs, 183, 210, 223, 264, 349peer review, 187, 278Pennsylvania, 88, 159permittingaquaculture, 333, 335for bioprospecting, 343coastal construction andrestoration, 184fishery, 287–288for marine mammals,311–314for offshore activities, 100,343pollution, 101, 207, 210, 211,212, 221programmatic, 312–314for research, 343, 454pesticides, 223, 234Pew Oceans Commission, 51, 55,77pharmaceuticalsbioproducts, 33, 339, 340,341pollutants, 209, 234, 349phosphates, 33, 368phytoplankton, 37, 229places of refuge, 247–248Plant Protection Act, 254plastic debris materials, 264–265,266, 267, 307point source pollutionanimal feeding operations,211enforcement programs, 212incentive–based controls, 212industrial facilities, 207, 210infrastructure investments,211–212major sources, 208–211management tools, 207septic systems, 210sewer system overflows, 39,208, 209–210, 211wastewater treatment plants,207, 208–209, 210, 211–212Polar–orbiting OperationalEnvironmental Satellites, 404,424polar regions, 297, 346–347, 364,365, 378, 387, 417, 450pollution (see nonpoint sourcepollution; point source pollution;water pollution)population growthcoastal pressures, 36, 41–42,43, 150–152environmental impacts,41–42, 43, 170porpoises, 306, 309portsclosures, 200–201commerce flows, 193–194economic value, 31, 32,193–194garbage reception facilities,270infrastructure, 193–194LNG, 33, 358planning and management,186, 193–194, 196, 198,200–201pollution control, 245, 270security, 32, 200sediment management, 187stewardship programs, 196precautionary approach, 65–66,80President’s Council of Advisors onOcean Policy (proposed), 79,80, 81, 87, 90, 102, 114, 115,476public awareness, education and,68–69, 90, 122–124, 130,142–143, 213, 220Puget Sound, habitat losses, 41,171Puerto Rico, 34, 70, 155, 164,321, 325Radonski, Gilbert, 281Reagan administration, 53–54, 72,354, 387recommendationsto Congress, 475context for, 472–474to Executive Branch leadership,475–476to federal government agencies,476–478on international policy implementation,479guiding principles for,472–473index to, 475–479list, by appearance in report,480–522to regional bodies, 479to states, 473–474, 479recreation/recreational, 99, 105boating, 32, 39, 66, 236, 241,243, 245, 248, 264, 267debris, 267diving, 37economic value, 31, 32,35–36, 150, 151, 382environmental impacts, 39,42, 248fishing, 31, 217, 275, 281, 321jobs, 31losses, 39shipwreck sites, 102threats to, 183vessel pollution, 236, 241,243, 245, 248water quality and, 213, 229,349–350reefs (see artificial reefs; coralecosystems)Regional Fishery ManagementCouncils, 90, 101 (see alsocommercial fishing; fisherymanagement)authority and jurisdiction,283–285creation, 52, 275delays in management plans,279–280, 280ecosystem–based approach,295–297, 326government relationship with,286, 291, 294Gulf of Mexico, 286input on research, 280–281membership, 285–286I NDEXH 21
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5:
THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
Page 14 and 15:
Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
Page 16 and 17:
SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
Page 18 and 19:
COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
Page 20 and 21:
Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
Page 22 and 23:
CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 24 and 25:
PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
Page 26 and 27:
Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29:
Expanding Research and Education ..
Page 30 and 31:
CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33:
Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 34 and 35:
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43:
The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45:
Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
Page 46 and 47:
appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49:
Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51:
Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57:
To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59:
liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61:
Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 62 and 63:
pation of all ocean-related federal
Page 64:
also produce revenues in time, and
Page 68 and 69:
CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
Page 90 and 91:
The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
Page 127 and 128:
The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
Page 138 and 139:
nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
Page 142 and 143:
Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
Page 149 and 150:
Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
Page 163 and 164:
Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
Page 179 and 180:
Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
Page 193 and 194:
• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
Page 199 and 200:
References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
Page 211 and 212:
PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224:
One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
Page 263 and 264:
References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280:
Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Page 283 and 284:
Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
Page 307 and 308:
established simply on the basis of
Page 309:
References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313:
CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339:
• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
Page 342:
References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
Page 345 and 346:
fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
Page 351 and 352:
PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
Page 353 and 354:
Although not always caused by human
Page 355 and 356:
Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
Page 365 and 366:
exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
Page 374:
Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380:
Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 385 and 386:
waters used for drinking and public
Page 387 and 388:
The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398:
Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402:
Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404:
The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406:
Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
Page 411 and 412:
PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414:
hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416:
down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417 and 418:
ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420:
Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422:
ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424:
The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426:
The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428:
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430:
Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437:
nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441:
Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443:
Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445:
Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447:
Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452:
This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456:
University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458:
cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462:
A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468:
Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476:
Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480:
PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482:
intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484:
the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486:
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488:
Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492:
International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501:
Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542:
• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552:
• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563:
PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571:
Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578:
growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592:
6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594:
7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596:
Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598:
Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600:
REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601:
NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609:
Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613:
Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623: APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628: APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630: Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631: Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 646 and 647: INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649: federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651: integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653: programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655: coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657: Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659: invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661: common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663: monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 666 and 667: Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669: single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671: Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672: pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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