An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Box 25.1 Examples of Ocean and Coastal Science NeedsFundamental knowledge about oceans and coasts is essential for assessing and predictingthe status of marine resources, finding beneficial new uses of ocean resources, and implementingan ecosystem-based management approach. Greater understanding of these environmentswill enable policy makers and managers to make wise, science-based decisions atthe national, regional, state, tribal, and local levels. However, to achieve this level of understanding,significantly more research will be needed as indicated throughout this report. Thelist below gives some idea of the range of topics to be covered, although it is by no means acomprehensive list of all needed research.Aquaculture• determination of the environmentalimpacts of marine aquaculture andthe development of best managementpractices• knowledge about the impacts of aquaculturefeeds, species introductions, andthe use of chemicals and pharmaceuticalsin aquaculture practicesBiodiversity• baseline measurements of marine biodiversityon different scales (i.e., communities,populations, and individuals)• methods to mitigate human activitiesthat adversely affect biodiversity andmarine ecosystemsClimate Change• better understanding of the ocean’srole in global carbon and heat cycling• predictive models of the effects ofglobal warming, including sea-level riseand changes in global circulationCoastal Habitat• knowledge about the structure andfunctioning of coastal habitats and howhuman activities and natural eventsaffect them• effective habitat restoration techniquesCoral Reefs• measurements of ocean temperature,currents, and other variables that affectchanges in coral communities• prediction of the impacts of global climatechange and other natural and humaninducedevents on coral communities• comprehension about the distributionand ecology of cold water coralsFisheries• better understanding of the relationshipbetween fisheries and ecosystemdynamics, including the identificationof essential habitat• measures of the social science andeconomic aspects of fisheriesInternational Science• international scientific partnerships toenhance long-term ocean science andmanagement capacity in other nationsInvasive Species• comprehension of how or why certainspecies become invasive• understanding about why certain factorsmake an ecosystem more susceptible toinvasions• new techniques for invasive speciesidentification and eradication• new ballast water treatment andexchange techniquesMarine Debris• knowledge about debris behavior in themarine environment and its ecologicaleffects on organisms and ecosystems• effective debris control measures• identification of marine debris sourcesMarine Mammals and Protected Species• expanded understanding of basicbiology and population status• understanding of the effects of noise,coastal development, offshore oil andgas exploration, vessel traffic, militaryactivities, and marine debris on thesespecies• methods to mitigate harmful impactson these animals380 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Natural Hazards• basic understanding and site-specificknowledge about a range of naturalcoastal hazards• new methods for tracking and predictinghazards and assessing risks• techniques to mitigate hazard eventsOceans and Human Health• discovery of new marine bioproducts• elucidation of the interrelations andcausal effects of marine pollution,harmful algal blooms, ecosystem alteration,and emerging marine diseases indisease events• new methods to monitor and mitigatethreats to human health in marine andfreshwater systemsOffshore Energy and Minerals• understanding of cumulative, low-level,and chronic impacts of oil and gas activitieson marine environments• evaluation of the risks to the marineenvironment due to aging pipelines• evaluation of the environmental effectsof OCS mineral and sediment useRegional Understanding• regional-scale research programs tounderstand ecosystem processes• integration of biological, physical, andchemical research on a regional,ecosystem basisSediment• data on sediment processes in themarine environment on regional andnational scales• innovative techniques and technologiesfor managing marine sediment• comprehensive information about thesource, movement, volume, quality, andappropriate use or disposal of sediment—particularly contaminated sedimentSocioeconomic Science• operational data on the economic factorsand human dimension affectingocean and coastal areas and activitiesVessel Pollution• understanding of cumulative impacts ofcommercial and recreational vesselpollution on ecologically sensitive areas• knowledge of impacts of vessel air emissions,particularly in ports and inland• disposal options for concentratedsludge resulting from advanced sewagetreatment on large passenger vesselsWater Pollution• advanced treatment options for eliminatingnitrogen, phosphorus, and otheremerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals,from wastewater discharges• new methods for removing nutrientsand pathogens in coastal runoff• new models and measures of atmospherictransport and deposition of pollutantsNOAA Photo LibraryC HAPTER 25: CREATING A N ATIONAL S TRATEGY FOR I NCREASING S CIENTIFIC K NOWLEDGE 381
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
Page 368 and 369: CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371: which are widespread in European sa
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Page 374: Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380: Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382: Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
Page 383 and 384: Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
Page 391 and 392: over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394: Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396: Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400: State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404: The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406: Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
Page 407 and 408: commercial recovery, including offs
Page 411 and 412: PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414: hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416: down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417: ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 421 and 422: ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424: The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426: The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428: Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430: Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435: An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437: nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439: One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441: Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443: Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445: Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447: Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448: Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452: This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454: Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456: University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458: cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460: communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462: A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464: surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466: References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468: Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
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Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
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single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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