An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAASAPDAPHISAPPSARSASMFCAUVBEABEACH ActBLMBLSBORBTSCAACAFOCALFEDCBDCBRACDCCDIACCEIPCEQCERCLACIAPCIESINCITESCOOLCORECORMCOSETOCOSEECWACWPPRACWSRFCZARACZMADAACsDDTDOCDODDOEDOIDOJDOSDOTDPAAmerican Association for the Advancementof ScienceApplication for Permit to DrillAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceAct to Prevent Pollution from ShipsAgriculture Research ServiceAtlantic States Marine Fisheries CommissionAutonomous Underwater VehicleBureau of Economic AnalysisBeaches Environmental Assessment andCoastal Health Act of 2000Bureau of Land ManagementBureau of Labor StatisticsBureau of ReclamationBureau of Transportation StatisticsClean Air Act AmendmentsConcentrated Animal Feeding OperationCalifornia Bay-Delta ProgramConvention on Biological DiversityCoastal Barrier Resources ActCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis CenterCoastal Energy Impact PlanCouncil on Environmental QualityComprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation and Liability ActCoastal Impact Assistance ProgramCenter for International Earth ScienceInformation NetworkConvention on International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCoastal Ocean Observation LaboratoryCoastal and Ocean Resource EconomicsCommittee on Ocean ResourceManagementCommittee on Ocean Science, Education,Technology, and OperationsCenters for Ocean Science EducationExcellenceClean Water ActCoastal Wetland Planning, Protection, andRestoration ActClean Water State Revolving FundCoastal Zone Act ReauthorizationAmendmentsCoastal Zone Management ActDistributed Active Archive CentersDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneDepartment of CommerceDepartment of DefenseDepartment of EnergyDepartment of the InteriorDepartment of JusticeDepartment of StateDepartment of TransportationDeepwater Port ActECOHABEEZEFHEHRCEISEOPEPAEROSEROSDCESAESPFAAFAOFDAFEMAFERCFGDCFMCFPAGAOGDPGLFCGOESGOOSGPAGSFCGSMFCHABHACCPH2OICRIIDOEIFQsIMOIMPROVEEcological Oceanography of HarmfulAlgal BloomsExclusive Economic ZoneEssential Fish HabitEstuary Habitat Restoration CouncilEnvironmental Impact StatementExecutive Office of the PresidentEnvironmental Protection AgencyEarth Resources Observation SystemsEarth Resources Observation SystemsData CentersEndangered Species ActEnvironmental Studies ProgramFederal Aviation AdministrationFood and Agriculture OrganizationFood and Drug AdministrationFederal Emergency Management AgencyFederal Energy Regulatory CommissionFederal Geographic Data CommitteeFederal Maritime CommissionFederal Power ActGeneral Accounting OfficeGross Domestic ProductGreat Lakes Fishery CommissionGeostationary Operational EnvironmentalSatellitesGlobal Ocean Observing SystemGlobal Program of Action for the Protectionof the Marine Environment from Land-Based SourcesGoddard Space Flight CenterGulf States Marine Fisheries CommissionHarmful Algal BloomHazard Analysis and Critical Control PointHilltops-To-OceansInternational Coral Reef InitiativeInternational Decade of Ocean ExplorationIndividual Fishing QuotasInternational Maritime OrganizationInteragancy Monitoring of Protected VisualEnvironments ProgramIOCU.N. Intergovernmental OceanographicCommissionIOOSIntegrated Ocean Observing SystemITQsIndividual Transferable QuotasJEAJoint Enforcement AgreementJSAJoint Subcommittee on AquacultureLaRCLangley Research CenterLMELarge Marine EcosystemLNGLiquefied Natural GasLOS Convention United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe SeaLWCFLand and Water Conservation FundMACTMaximum Achievable Control TechnologyMARAD Maritime AdministrationB 2A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
MARPOLMEDEAMERHABMERPMLAMMCMMPAMMSMOAMPPRCAMPRSAM-S ActMSDsMSIsMTBEMTSANACOANANPCANASNASANCDCNDSFNEICNEMONEPNEPANERRSNFIPNGDCNIEHSNIHNIMANMEANMFSNMOCNMSANOAANOCNODCNOPANOPPNOPSNORLCNOxNPDESInternational Convention for the Preventionof Pollution from ShipsMeasurment of Earth Data forEnvironmental AnalysisMonitoring and Event Response for HarmfulAlgal BloomsMarine Entanglement Research ProgramMineral Leasing ActMarine Mammal CommissionMarine Mammal Protection ActMinerals Management ServiceMemorandum of AgreementMarine Plastic Pollution Research andControl ActMarine Protection, Research, andSanctuaries ActMagnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation andManagement ActMarine Sanitation DevicesMinority Serving InstitutionsMethyl Tertiary Butyl EtherMaritime Transportation Security ActNational Advisory Committee on Oceansand AtmosphereNonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Preventionand Control ActNational Academy of SciencesNational Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationNational Climatic Data CenterNational Deep Submergence FacilityNational Earthquake Information CenterNonpoint Education for Municipal OfficialsNational Estuary ProgramNational Environmental Policy ActNational Estuarine Research Reserve SystemNational Flood Insurance ProgramNational Geophysical Data CenterNational Institute of EnvironmentalHealth SciencesNational Institutes of HealthNational Imagery and Mapping AgencyNational Marine Educators AssociationNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNaval Meteorological andOceanography CommandNational Marine Sancturaries ActNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationNational Ocean CouncilNational Oceanographic Data CenterNational Oceanographic Partnership ActNational Oceanographic PartnershipProgramNational Ocean Policy StudyNational Ocean Research Leadership CouncilNitrogen OxidesNational Pollutant DischargeElimination SystemNPSNRCNRCSNRSNSBNSCNSESNSFNSIDCNSSDCNSTCNWINWSOCSOCSLAOMBONROOIOPAORAPORNLOSTPOTAOTECPCBsPODAACPOESPSMFCRFMCROVSARSCORSEDACSLASSCTAOTEUTMDLTOGATSAUNCLOSUNEPUNOLSUSACEUSAIDUSCGUSDAUSEIAUSFWSUSGSUSTRVMSWRDAWTONational Park ServiceNational Research CouncilNational Resource Conservation ServiceNational Response SystemNational Science BoardNational Security CouncilNational Science Education StandardsNational Science FoundationNational Snow and Ice Data CenterNational Space Science Data CenterNational Science and Technology CouncilNational Wetlands InventoryNational Weather ServiceOuter Continental ShelfOuter Continental Shelf Lands ActOffice of Management and BudgetOffice of Naval ResearchOcean Observatories InitiativeOil Pollution ActOcean Research Advisory PanelOak Ridge National LaboratoryOffice of Science and Technology PolicyOffice of Technology AssessmentOcean Thermal Energy ConversionPolychlorinated biphenylsPhysical Oceanography Distributed ActiveArchive CentersPolar-orbiting Environmental SatellitePacific States Marine Fisheries CommissionRegional Fishery Management CouncilRemotely Operated VehicleSynthetic Aperture RadarScientific Committee on Oceanic ResearchSocioeconomic Data and Applications CenterSubmerged Lands ActScientific and Statistical CommitteeTropical Atmosphere Ocean array20-foot Equivalent UnitsTotal Maximum Daily LoadTropical Global Ocean AtmosphereTransportation Security AgencyUnited Nations Convention on the Law ofthe SeaUnited Nations Environment ProgramUniversity-National OceanographicLaboratory SystemU.S. Army Corps of EngineersU.S. Agency for International DevelopmentU.S. Coast GuardU.S. Department of AgricultureU.S. Energy Information AdministrationU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Geological SurveyOffice of the U.S. Trade RepresentativeVessel Monitoring ServiceWater Resources Development ActWorld Trade OrganizationA PPENDIX B: ACRONYMS A PPEARING IN THE R EPORTB 3
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
Page 14 and 15:
Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
Page 16 and 17:
SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
Page 22 and 23:
CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29:
Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
Page 227 and 228:
The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
Page 263 and 264:
References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Page 283 and 284:
Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
Page 307 and 308:
established simply on the basis of
Page 309:
References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313:
CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
Page 328 and 329:
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
Page 336 and 337:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339:
• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
Page 345 and 346:
fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
Page 349 and 350:
The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
Page 355 and 356:
Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 357 and 358:
9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378:
tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 385 and 386:
waters used for drinking and public
Page 387 and 388:
The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394:
Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402:
Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404:
The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406:
Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
Page 407 and 408:
commercial recovery, including offs
Page 411 and 412:
PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414:
hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416:
down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417 and 418:
ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420:
Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422:
ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424:
The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426:
The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428:
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430:
Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437:
nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441:
Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443:
Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445:
Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447:
Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452:
This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456:
University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458:
cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462:
A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468:
Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470:
to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476:
Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480:
PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482:
intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484:
the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486:
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488:
Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492:
International Ocean Science Program
Page 493:
Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 496 and 497:
CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 498 and 499:
Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501:
Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522: Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524: Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526: • expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528: Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530: Recommendation 10-2The National Oce
Page 531 and 532: Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534: Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536: Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538: Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540: Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542: • the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544: Recommendation 19-12Congress should
Page 545 and 546: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 549 and 550: Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552: • work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554: • an interagency steering group,
Page 557 and 558: Recommendation 27-4Congress should
Page 559 and 560: Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563: PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567: One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569: (e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571: Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 575 and 576: APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578: growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580: 2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582: almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584: 4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586: Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588: Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590: 5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592: 6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594: 7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596: Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598: Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600: REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601: NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607: SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609: Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623:
APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628:
APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631:
Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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