An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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CHAPTER 14ADDRESSING COASTALWATER POLLUTIONCoastal waters are subject to cumulative impacts from a variety of pollutants—from near and far, and from point, nonpoint, and airborne sources. For thisreason, any solution must be founded on an ecosystem-based and watershedmanagement approach involving a broad range of agencies, programs, andindividuals. Solutions will also require a substantial financial investment andwill take time. Over the last few decades, great strides have been madein controlling water pollution from point sources, although furtherimprovements could be realized through increased funding, strengthenedenforcement, and promotion of innovative approaches such asmarket-based incentives. However, substantial enhancement ofcoastal water quality will require significant reductions in nonpointsource pollution—a technical and political challenge. Establishingmeasurable pollution reduction goals for coastal areas is needed,as is coordination of the many related agencies and programs toeffectively target the various laws, programs, funds, training, technicalassistance, incentives, disincentives, and other managementtools to address nonpoint source pollution of coastal waters.Stopping the Degradation of Coastal WatersCoastal waters are one of the nation’s greatest assets, yet they arebeing bombarded with pollution from all directions. The heavyconcentration of activity in coastal areas, combined with pollutants flowingfrom streams far inland and others carried through the air great distances fromtheir source, are the primary causes of nutrient enrichment, hypoxia, harmfulalgal blooms, toxic contamination, sedimentation, and other problems that plaguecoastal waters. Not only do degraded waters cause significant ecological damage, theyalso lead to economic impacts due to beach closures, curtailed recreational activities, andadditional health care costs. Reducing water pollution will result in cleaner coastal waters,healthy habitats that support aquatic life, and a suite of economic benefits.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) 2002 National Water QualityInventory found that just over half of the estuarine areas assessed were polluted to theextent that their use was compromised, either for aquatic life, drinking water, swimming,boating, or fish consumption. The interagency 2004 Draft National Coastal ConditionReport II rated coastal waters along most of the continental United States as being in faircondition, with poor conditions in the Northeast and Puerto Rico regions (Figure 14.1).204 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional Coastal ConditionsScale of Ecological HealthNationalOverallWestOverallGreat LakesOverallGood Fair PoorCoastal HabitatWater QualitySediment QualityBenthicFish TissueCoastal HabitatWater QualitySediment QualityBenthicFish TissueNortheastCoastal HabitatWater QualitySediment QualityBenthicFish TissueOverallWestGreat LakesCoastal HabitatWater QualitySediment QualityBenthicFish TissueNortheastSoutheastOverallCoastal HabitatWater QualitySediment QualityBenthicFish TissueSoutheastGulfOverallCoastal HabitatGulfWater QualitySediment QualityBenthicFish TissueAlaska*Hawaii*Puerto RicoPuerto RicoOverall**Coastal HabitatWater QualitySediment QualityBenthicFish TissueThe Environmental Protection Agency’s 2004 Draft National Coastal Condition Report II assessed six coastal regions of theUnited States, including Puerto Rico, based on monitoring data collected between 1997 and 2000. Based on five environmentalindicators, EPA found that the overall condition of the nation’s estuaries is fair, with poor conditions in the Northeast Coastand Puerto Rico regions and fair conditions in the Southeast Coast, Gulf Coast, Great Lakes, and West Coast regions.* Surveys completed but no indicator data available until the next report.Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Draft National Coastal Condition Report II. EPA-620/R-03/002. Washington, DC, February 2004.The protection of coastal waters will require managers to address a range of humanactivities that generate pollution in many locations and a variety of pollutants followingdifferent pathways. Management that is ecosystem-based and that considers entire watershedswill help guide this daunting task.The complex array of laws, agencies, and programs that address water pollution, andthe number of parties involved, will require greatly enhanced coordination among federalagencies, primarily EPA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).Greater coordination is also needed between the federal government and managers at thestate, territorial, tribal, and local levels, watershed groups, nongovernmental organizations,private stakeholders, and the academic and research communities. The case ofnutrient pollution, discussed in Box 14.1, illustrates many of the challenges involved inimproving coastal water quality.Reducing Point Sources of PollutionWith strong public support, government and private sector actions over the past threedecades have made great strides in controlling water pollution from identifiable pointC HAPTER 14: ADDRESSING C OASTAL WATER P OLLUTION205
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
Page 191 and 192: state and local decision making, so
Page 193 and 194: • goals—State coastal managemen
Page 195 and 196: Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
Page 197 and 198: forward. An applicant can appeal su
Page 199 and 200: References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
Page 201 and 202: Improving Federal Managementof Haza
Page 203 and 204: Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
Page 205 and 206: Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
Page 207 and 208: that develop excellent mitigation p
Page 209 and 210: tal and human disturbances such as
Page 211 and 212: PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
Page 213 and 214: Restoration efforts have intensifie
Page 215 and 216: Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
Page 217 and 218: Although it has shown some success
Page 219 and 220: Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
Page 221 and 222: Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224: One of the difficulties in undertak
Page 225 and 226: Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
Page 227 and 228: The National Shoreline Management S
Page 230 and 231: CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
Page 232 and 233: Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
Page 234 and 235: Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
Page 236 and 237: Recommendation 13-2Congress should
Page 238 and 239: Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
Page 241: PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
Page 245 and 246: sources, such as industrial facilit
Page 247 and 248: meet water quality goals. Decisions
Page 249 and 250: Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
Page 251 and 252: nants over land, into streams and g
Page 253 and 254: Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
Page 255 and 256: USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
Page 257 and 258: Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260: Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
Page 261 and 262: assisting in the implementation of
Page 263 and 264: References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
Page 265 and 266: Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
Page 267 and 268: EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
Page 269 and 270: local, and municipal governments, w
Page 271 and 272: System DesignSampling protocols are
Page 273 and 274: Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
Page 275 and 276: and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
Page 277 and 278: Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280: Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282: Recommendation 16-5Congress should
Page 283 and 284: Voluntary actions can provide a use
Page 285 and 286: Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
Page 287 and 288: developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290: 25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
Page 291 and 292: Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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Recommendation 19-15Congress should
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
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Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
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Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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