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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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- Page 263 and 264: References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
- Page 265 and 266: Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
- Page 267 and 268: EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
- Page 269 and 270: local, and municipal governments, w
- Page 271 and 272: System DesignSampling protocols are
- Page 273 and 274: Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
- Page 275 and 276: and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
- Page 277 and 278: Although many flag states take thei
- Page 279 and 280: Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
- Page 281 and 282: Recommendation 16-5Congress should
- Page 283 and 284: Voluntary actions can provide a use
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- Page 287 and 288: developing new regulatory and non-r
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- Page 293 and 294: Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
- Page 295 and 296: Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
- Page 297 and 298: Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
- Page 299 and 300: tant for ballast water, coordinated
- Page 301 and 302: 10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
- Page 303 and 304: each in the entire world. 3 A study
- Page 305 and 306: Research Program), directed by NOAA
- Page 307 and 308: established simply on the basis of
- Page 309: References1 U.S. Department of Comm
- Page 313 and 314: the expansion of U.S. fishing capab
- Page 315 and 316: The Magnuson-Stevens Act requires e
- Page 317 and 318: Recommendation 19-4The National Mar
- Page 319 and 320: The lists of RFMC information needs
- Page 321 and 322: Although the background and recomme
- Page 323 and 324: confusion for fishermen and the pub
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- Page 329 and 330: Recommendation 19-16Congress should
- Page 331 and 332: levels, the degree of cooperation i
- Page 333 and 334: legal action. Enforcement difficult
- Page 335 and 336: nomic costs to the fishermen and co
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- Page 339 and 340: In addition to global and multilate
- Page 341 and 342: Recommendation 19-27The National Oc
- Page 344 and 345: CHAPTER 20PROTECTING MARINEMAMMALS
- Page 346 and 347: NOAA Photo LibraryOverall, the larg
- Page 348 and 349: successfully prevented species from
- Page 350 and 351: The MMPA prohibits the taking or im
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- Page 354 and 355: and behavioral problems will arise
- Page 356 and 357: ment data, make it difficult to eva
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coral reefs in the Florida Keys alo
- Page 362 and 363:
NOAA, Damage Assessment and Restora
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Recommendation 21-2As part of the n
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Recommendation 21-5The U.S. Coral R
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Figure 22.1 The United States Impor
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Administration, the U.S. Army Corps
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• include the development of a si
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CHAPTER 23CONNECTING THE OCEANSAND
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The oceans are thelast great fronti
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Table 23.1 The Bounty of the SeaThi
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Harmful Algal BloomsThe term harmfu
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Marine Bacteria and VirusesBacteria
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• developing in situ and space-ba
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indicator species does not provide
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CHAPTER 24MANAGING OFFSHORE ENERGYA
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Congress responded to this debate b
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Figure 24.2 A “Process Rich” bu
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Box 24.1 Offshore Liquefied Natural
- Page 398 and 399:
For decades, Congress has debated p
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Box 24.2 The Federal Consistency Pr
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Recommendation 24-2The U.S. Departm
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Conversely, there is no comprehensi
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1970s to the early 1990s that produ
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5 Richardson, G.E., et al. Deepwate
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CHAPTER 25CREATING A NATIONALSTRATE
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Figure 25.1 Proposed Structure for
- Page 416 and 417:
It is time for the United States to
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Box 25.1 Examples of Ocean and Coas
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ing enactment of the 1976 Magnuson-
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Coastal communitiesdepend on health
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typical. This type of funding is us
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acceptable progress. In response, t
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task of repeating surveys of the sa
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OTA occupied a unique role among th
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and technological capacity to devel
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Steps of a U.S. Plan (2000). The se
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nies, nongovernmental organizations
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Table 26.1 Proposed Core Variables
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Another gap is in the development o
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Recommendation 26-8Congress should
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IOOS. The differences in missions a
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Strengthening Earth Observations th
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CHAPTER 27ENHANCING OCEANINFRASTRUC
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Maximizing Resources through Collab
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improve the prospects for resource
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Dramatic advances insubmergence veh
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The Ocean Observatories InitiativeI
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(MMS), and EPA, and indirect help w
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• The USGS Coastal and Marine Geo
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Creating Virtual Marine Technology
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CHAPTER 28MODERNIZING OCEAN DATAAND
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Table 28.1 National Civilian and Mi
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Coping with the Flood of Incoming D
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type of education was wholly inadeq
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Interactions between private compan
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Recommendation 28-5The U.S. Navy sh
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CHAPTER 29ADVANCING INTERNATIONALOC
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Guiding PrinciplesThe guiding princ
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Table 29.1 U.S. Participation in In
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Commission, International Maritime
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• Seamounts. Worldwide concerns h
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U.S. Scientific Activities AbroadIn
- Page 495 and 496:
PART IXMOVING AHEAD:IMPLEMENTING A
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coastal management: “NOAA should
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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dination among federal agencies (Re
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ally over the next five years. Chap
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Under the new ocean policy framewor
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coastal resource treaty rights. A l
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CHAPTER 31SUMMARY OFRECOMMENDATIONS
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• creation of regional ocean coun
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Office on Ocean Observing (Ocean.US
- Page 516 and 517:
Environmental Protection AgencyReco
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Complete List of Recommendations in
- Page 520 and 521:
Recommendation 4-6Congress should e
- Page 522 and 523:
Recommendation 5-6The Council on En
- Page 524 and 525:
Chapter 8: Promoting Lifelong Ocean
- Page 526 and 527:
Recommendation 8-10The National Oce
- Page 528 and 529:
• performance measures—State co
- Page 530 and 531:
Recommendation 11-2The regional oce
- Page 532 and 533:
Recommendation 13-3The U.S. Departm
- Page 534 and 535:
Recommendation 14-7The U.S. Departm
- Page 536 and 537:
• an overall system design that d
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Recommendation 16-14In developing a
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Chapter 18: Reducing Marine DebrisR
- Page 542 and 543:
Recommendation 19-7The Regional Fis
- Page 544 and 545:
Recommendation 19-16Congress should
- Page 546 and 547:
Recommendation 19-27The National Oc
- Page 548 and 549:
Chapter 21: Preserving Coral Reefs
- Page 550 and 551:
Chapter 23: Connecting the Oceans a
- Page 552 and 553:
Recommendation 24-4The National Oce
- Page 554 and 555:
• establish and maintain a single
- Page 556 and 557:
Recommendation 26-12The National Oc
- Page 558 and 559:
• coordinate federal agency effor
- Page 560:
Recommendation 29-8The United State
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APPENDIX AO CEANS A CT OF 2000
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Section 3. Commission on Ocean Poli
- Page 569 and 570:
(H) Recommendations for any modific
- Page 571 and 572:
APPENDIX BA CRONYMS A PPEARINGIN TH
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MARPOLMEDEAMERHABMERPMLAMMCMMPAMMSM
- Page 576 and 577:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMore than thirty y
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1. INTRODUCTIONAconstant theme in d
- Page 580 and 581:
3. TRENDS IN POPULATION AND HOUSING
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ties. From 1970-2000, the number of
- Page 584 and 585:
Major conclusions from Table C.5 in
- Page 586 and 587:
Figure C.6 Composition of the Priva
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growth in wages and output, while g
- Page 590 and 591:
The value of beach recreation Beach
- Page 592 and 593:
of freight. Expansions and improvem
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of a network among these and other
- Page 596 and 597:
Table C.3 Population in Coastal Tie
- Page 598 and 599:
Table C.6 Private Ocean EconomyOcea
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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APPENDIX DG LOSSARY OF F EDERALO CE
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Oceans Act of 2000 ................
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SECTION 2OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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National Invasive Species CouncilNa
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Clean Water ActCongress enacted the
- Page 613 and 614:
Farm Bill 1985—Food Security ActT
- Page 615 and 616:
National Oceanographic Partnership
- Page 617 and 618:
SECTION 4OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
- Page 619 and 620:
Clean Water Act—Total Maximum Dai
- Page 621:
National Park SystemThe National Pa
- Page 625:
Proposed Structure for Coordination
- Page 628 and 629:
CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ANDSUBCOMM
- Page 630 and 631:
• Subcommittee on Forestry, Conse
- Page 633 and 634:
APPENDIX GD ETAILED C OSTS A SSOCIA
- Page 635 and 636:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 637 and 638:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 639 and 640:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 641 and 642:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 643 and 644:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 645 and 646:
I NDEX
- Page 647 and 648:
ecosystem-based management,62, 66-6
- Page 649 and 650:
Convention on the Conservationand M
- Page 651 and 652:
value of oceans, 30-36ecosystem ass
- Page 653 and 654:
erosion, 40, 182beaches, 42, 44, 16
- Page 655 and 656:
coral ecosystem effects, 44,320, 32
- Page 657 and 658:
oil, 236, 246, 362-363science and t
- Page 659 and 660:
Magnuson-Stevens FisheryConservatio
- Page 661 and 662:
National Ice Center, 402, 424, 430N
- Page 663 and 664:
dredging, 181, 183, 185-186,187, 19
- Page 665 and 666:
in marine transportation,192-193, 2
- Page 667 and 668:
evenues from resources, 33,102-103,
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treaty/treaties (see also agreement
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oceanographic research,49-50, 375,