An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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of a network among these and other organizationswho are concerned with the coasts and oceans. Thatnetwork must be built around the following functions:• Data Collection. Standard measures of employment,income, and output for the ocean andcoastal economy need to be developed and maintained.The work by the National OceanEconomics Project provides the foundation forthis work. In addition, special measures must bedeveloped for the unique aspects of the coastaland ocean economy. In particular, the influence ofthe coasts and ocean on land values needs to beunderstood throughout the range of differentcoast types. The vital role of the oceans in tourismand recreation needs to be better understood interms of both market and nonmarket values, andthe economic values of the ecosystem service rolesof the coasts and oceans better measured.• Data Distribution. Data must be collected, butthey must also be widely distributed both to beavailable to policy makers to factor into decisionsand to spur further research. The availabilityof contemporary database and Internet deliverysystems makes this function easier andcheaper than ever.• Data Analysis. Data are only useful when theyare transformed into information through analysis.Data analysis should be driven in large partby the needs to support decision making at thefederal, state, and local levels about the managementof ocean and coastal resources. This willmean both analysis of socio-economic trends ontheir own, and, increasingly, the ability to analyticallylink changes in the socio-economic sphereto changes in the environment, and vice versa.• Education and Research. Outside of the fields offisheries and mineral economics, the field ofocean and coastal socio-economic studies is stillrelatively new and confined to a fairly smallgroup of specialists. There must be an expansionof the field through training of both researchersand policy specialists to generate and use thisinformation. Research must also continue toimprove our measurement of non-market values,to develop measures of the use of coastal andocean resources such as beaches, and to improvethe data systems for standard measures such asemployment and output. Current work in theseareas represents a beginning, not an end to theseendeavors. The advent of geographic informationsystems also substantially eases the integration ofsocio-economic with natural resource data, andthis integration needs to be another focus ofresearch so that the interactions between thehuman and natural environments in the coastalareas can be better understood.Given these resources and needs, the federal governmentshould commit to an ongoing program ofsocio economic research of trends and values of thenation’s coasts and oceans. That program shouldinclude the following elements:• Designation of a specific socioeconomic researchand data collection function within NOAA.• An interagency group, chaired by NOAA, ofresearchers and data providers in the federal agenciesconcerned with data for the coasts and oceans.• An Advisory Board, reporting to NOAA and theinteragency group, of outside researchers withappropriate expertise, to help set agendas, designprograms, and evaluate progress.• A statutory requirement that the Bureau ofLabor Statistics and Bureau of EconomicAnalysis prepare an annual report on theemployment, wages, and output associated withthe coasts and oceans of the United States.• A special effort to make available key data thatare missing from the current suite of economicstatistics, particularly employment and incomesin the fisheries harvesting sector.• Regular funding for research into improvedmeasures of both the market and non-marketeconomic values of the coasts and oceans. Anarea of particular importance is establishing theeconomic value of the nation’s ocean and coastalresources as assets in which we invest.• An Internet based data archive and distributionsystem that links key sources of coastal andocean socioeconomic data and research.Funding for these efforts should be in the $8–10million range annually, with funds provided to bothdata using and data providing agency for sufficientstaff and other costs. This is particularly the case forthe data providing agencies such as the Bureau ofLabor Statistics, Bureau of the Census and Bureau ofEconomic Analysis who cannot play their roles withoutadditional resources. Partnership arrangementswith nonfederal organizations like the National OceanEconomics Project should be maintained and expanded.It should be noted that at a time of scarce budgetaryresources, this amount may seem like a substantialsum. But it is less and than 1/10th of what thefederal government currently spends on economicresearch in the agriculture sector, which is actuallysmaller than the ocean sector in the overall economy.C 20A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Table C.1 Population Change in the Three Tiers of the CoastPopulation (Millions)1970 1980 1990 2000United States 202.55 225.90 248.16 280.85Coastal WatershedCounties 107.99 117.56 130.89 145.49Coastal ZoneCounties 75.51 82.87 92.94 103.59Near Shore* 35.26 39.11ChangeN(millions) PercentN(millions) PercentN(millions) PercentN(millions) PercentUnited States 23.36 11.5% 22.25 9.9% 32.69 13.2% 78.30 38.7%Coastal WatershedCounties 9.58 8.9% 13.33 11.3% 14.60 11.2% 37.50 34.7%Coastal ZoneCounties 7.36 9.7% 10.08 12.2% 10.64 11.5% 28.08 37.2%Near Shore* 3.85 10.9%* Data available only for 1990 and 2000Source: US Census1970–1980 1980–1990 1990–2000 1970–2000Table C.2 Population Density in the Coastal RegionsLand Area** AreaPopulation1970Population20001970 2000United States 3,537,377 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 57.3 79.4Coastal Watershed Counties 871,216 24.6% 53.3% 51.8% 124.0 167.0Coastal Zone Counties 663,528 18.8% 37.3% 36.9% 113.8 156.1Near Shore* 164,113 4.6% 13.6% 232.6* Data available only for 1990 and 2000.** In Square Miles. Excludes surface water area such as wetlands, lakes, and rivers.Source: US CensusPercent of U.S.Population Density(Persons per Square Mile)A PPENDIX C: LIVING N EAR… AND M AKING A L IVING F ROM…THE N ATION’ S C OASTS AND O CEANS C 21
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544: Recommendation 19-12Congress should
Page 545 and 546: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548: Recommendation 20-7The National Oce
Page 549 and 550: Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552: • work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554: • an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556: Recommendation 26-6The National Oce
Page 557 and 558: Recommendation 27-4Congress should
Page 559 and 560: Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563: PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567: One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569: (e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571: Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573: ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576: APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578: growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580: 2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582: almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584: 4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586: Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588: Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590: 5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592: 6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593: 7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 597 and 598: Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600: REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601: NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607: SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609: Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623: APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628: APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630: Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631: Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 644 and 645:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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