An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

Although it has shown some success in slowing the rate of wetlands loss, Section 404does not constitute a comprehensive national wetlands management and protection program.It does not address many kinds of activities that affect wetlands and its implementation hasbeen uneven; a large gap remains between the mitigation required in connection with permittedactivities and that which has actually been achieved. Moreover, the navigation, flood control,and other civil works projects undertaken by the USACE itself may have impacts as greatas, or greater than, those of any permitted activity. Mitigation for some federal projects hasalso fallen far short of what was originally approved. Finally, the Section 404 program hasgenerally failed to give sufficient consideration to the cumulative impacts associated withissuing multiple individual permits, or conducting a variety of federal projects, in the samegeographic or watershed area. (Recommendations on improving the ability of USACE toaddress the regional, cumulative impacts of its activities are provided in Chapter 12.)Other provisions of the Clean Water Act, such as those dealing with stormwater runoffand certain types of pollution, also provide some measure of wetlands protection, but notin the context of a coordinated wetlands management regime. As the nation recognizesthe interconnectedness of upland and downstream areas, considers entire watershedsystems, and moves toward an ecosystem approach, comprehensive wetlands protectionshould be considered as an integral part of ocean and coastal management.Recommendation 11–5The National Ocean Council should coordinate development of a comprehensive wetlandsprotection framework that is linked to coastal habitat and watershed management efforts,and should make specific recommendations for the integration of the Clean Water ActSection 404 wetlands permitting process into that broader management approach.References1 Reid, W.V., and M.C. Trexler. Drowning the Natural Heritage: Climate Change and U.S. Coastal Biodiversity.Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 1991.2 Fretwell, J.D., J.S. Williams, and P.J. Redman. National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. USGS Water-SupplyPaper 2425. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.3 Dahl, T.E. Wetlands Losses in the United States: 1780’s to 1980’s. Washington, DC, and Jamestown, ND: U.S.Department of the Interior and Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, 1990.4 U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. SoutheastWetlands: Status and Trends, Mid-1970s to Mid-1980s. Washington, DC, 1994.5 National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. State Enhancement Grant Assessmentsand Strategies: Wetlands. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1999.6 Turgeon, D.D., et al. The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States:2002. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2002.7 Bookman, C.A., T.J. Culliton, and M.A. Warren. “Trends in U.S. Coastal Regions, 1970–1998.” Addendum to theproceedings Trends and Future Challenges for U.S. National Ocean and Coastal Policy. Silver Spring, MD: NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1999.8 Congressional Research Service. Land and Water Conservation Fund: Current Status and Issues. Report #97–792.Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2002.9 Economic Research Service. ERS Analysis: Conservation Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002.10 Estuary Habitat Restoration Council. “Final Estuary Habitat Restoration Strategy.” Federal Register 67, no. 232(December 3, 2002): 71942–49.11 National Marine Fisheries Service. “Wetlands: What’s Happening with Coastal Wetlands?” Accessed October 17, 2003.12 National Research Council. Compensating for Wetland Losses under the Clean Water Act. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy Press, 2001.13 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Draft Report on the Environment. EPA–260–R–02–006. Washington, DC, June 2003C HAPTER 11: CONSERVING AND R ESTORING C OASTAL H ABITAT179