An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Table 23.1 The Bounty of the SeaThis table highlights some of the chemicals and biological materials isolated from marine organisms that are in use orbeing developed.ApplicationPharmaceuticalsAnti-viral drugs (herpes infections)Anti-cancer drug (non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma)Anti-cancer drugAnti-cancer drug (mitotic inhibitor)Anti-cancer drug (tumor-cell DNA disruptor)Anti-cancer drugAnti-cancer drugAnti-cancer drug (microtubule stabilizer)Anti-cancer drugAnti-cancer drugAnti-cancer drug (G2 checkpoint inhibitor)Anti-cancer drugAnti-inflammatory agentAnti-fungal agentAnti-tuberculosis agentAnti-HIV agentAnti-malarial agentAnti-dengue virus agentMolecular ProbesPhosphatase inhibitorPhospholipase A2 inhibitorBioluminescent calcium indicatorReporter geneMedical DevicesOriginal SourceSponge, Cryptotethya cryptaSponge, Cryptotethya cryptaBryozoan, Bugula neritinaSea hare, Dolabella auriculariaAscidian, Ecteinascidia turbinataAscidian, Aplidium albicansGastropod, Elysia rubefescensSponge, Discodermia dissolutaSponge, Lissodendoryx sp.Actinomycete, Micromonospora marinaAscidian, Didemnum granulatumSponge, Jaspis sp.Marine fungusSponge, TrachycladusGorgonian, PseudopterogorgiaAscidianSponge, CymbastelaMarine crinoidDinoflagellateSponge, Luffariella variabilisBioluminescent jellyfish, Aequora victoriaBioluminescent jellyfish, Aequora victoriaStatusCommercially availableCommercially availablePhase II clinical trialsPhase I clinical trialsPhase III clinical trialsAdvanced preclinical trialsAdvanced preclinical trialsPhase I clinical trialsAdvanced preclinical trialsAdvanced preclinical trialsIn developmentIn developmentIn developmentIn developmentIn developmentIn developmentIn developmentIn developmentCommercially availableCommercially availableCommercially availableCommercially availableOrthopedic and cosmetic surgical implants Coral, mollusk, echinoderm skeletons Commercially availableDiagnosticsDetection of endotoxins (LPS) Horseshoe crab Commercially availableEnzymesPolymerase chain-reaction enzymeNutritional SupplementsDeep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteriumCommercially availablePolyunsaturated fatty acids used in food additives Microalgae Commercially availablePigmentsConjugated antibodies used in basic researchand diagnosticsCosmetic AdditivesRed algaeCommercially availableCosmetic (anti-inflammatory) Gorgonian, Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae Commercially availableSource data combined from:Pomponi, S. A. “The Bioprocess-technological Potential of the Sea.” Journal of Biotechnology 70 (1999): 5–13.Pomponi, S. A. “The Oceans and Human Health: The Discovery and Development of Marine-derived Drugs.” Oceanography 14 (2001): 78–87.National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Natural Products Branch, Frederick, MD.Jordan, M.J., and L. Wilson. “Mining the Ocean’s Pharmacological Riches: A Lesson from Taxol and Vinca Alkaloids.” In Marine Biotechnology in the21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.342 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Recommendation 23–1The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation, NationalInstitute of Environmental Health Sciences, and other appropriate entities should supportexpanded research and development efforts to encourage multidisciplinary studies of theevolution, ecology, chemistry, and molecular biology of marine species, discover potentialmarine bioproducts, and develop practical compounds.These efforts should include:• a strong focus on discovering new marine microorganisms, visiting poorly sampled areasof the marine environment, and studying species that inhabit harsh environments.• encouragement for private-sector investments and partnerships in marine biotechnologyresearch and development to speed the creation of commercially available marine bioproducts.Managing Marine Bioproduct Discovery and DevelopmentBased on the potentially large health benefits to society, the federal government shouldencourage and support the search for new bioproducts from marine organisms, known asbioprospecting. However, before wide-scale bioprospecting proceeds in federal waters,requirements need to be established to minimize environmental impacts. Planning andoversight will help ensure that public resources are not exploited solely for private gainand will help protect resources for future generations.Individual states regulate the collection of marine organisms quite differently, sometimesrequiring an array of research permits to collect organisms and licenses to gain accessto particular areas. Regulations that ban the removal of specific organisms, such as coralsand other sensitive species, often exist in both state and federal protected areas. In protectedfederal waters, such as national marine sanctuaries, research permits are required for allcollections. However, bioprospecting outside state waters and federal protected areas isunrestricted, except for certain species subject to regulation under existing legislation,such as the Endangered Species Act. Both U.S. and foreign researchers, academic andcommercial, are free to collect a wide range of living marine organisms without purchasinga permit and without sharing any profits from resulting products.On land, the National Park Service has successfully asserted the government’s right toenter into benefit sharing agreements in connection with substances harvested for commercialpurposes in Yellowstone National Park. The National Park Service is in the process ofconducting a full environmental impact statement on the use of such agreements for benefitsharing in other parks. This practice could serve as a model for the management of bioprospectingin U.S. waters.Similar to other offshore activities, bioprospecting in federal waters will require appropriatepermitting and licensing regulations to protect public resources while encouragingfuture research. Furthermore, when allocating use of federal ocean areas for bioprospecting,it is important that consideration be given to other potential uses of those areas,including oil and gas exploration, renewable energy, and aquaculture. A proposal forbetter coordinated governance of offshore uses is discussed in detail in Chapter 6.Reducing the Negative Health Impacts ofMarine MicroorganismsA host of microorganisms exist in marine waters, filling their roles in the ecosystem andgenerally causing no problems to humans. However, the number and distribution of marinepathogens can change over time due to many environmental factors. Human impacts, suchas pollution or climate change, can produce even greater fluctuations that threaten thehealth of humans, marine organisms, and the marine ecosystems on which we all depend.C HAPTER 23: CONNECTING THE O CEANS AND H UMAN H EALTH 343
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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Page 330 and 331: NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
Page 332 and 333: The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
Page 334 and 335: Ecosystem-based management will als
Page 336 and 337: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339: • Major government subsidies aime
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Page 342: References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
Page 345 and 346: fishing line because they are not a
Page 347 and 348: Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
Page 349 and 350: The division of endangered species
Page 351 and 352: PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
Page 353 and 354: Although not always caused by human
Page 355 and 356: Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 357 and 358: 9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
Page 359 and 360: Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
Page 361 and 362: appear to be exacerbating other cor
Page 363 and 364: task force are the U.S. Department
Page 365 and 366: exploitation by strictly regulating
Page 368 and 369: CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371: which are widespread in European sa
Page 372 and 373: cies, and provides recommendations
Page 374: Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379: Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 383 and 384: Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 385 and 386: waters used for drinking and public
Page 387 and 388: The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
Page 391 and 392: over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394: Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396: Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400: State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404: The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406: Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
Page 407 and 408: commercial recovery, including offs
Page 411 and 412: PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414: hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416: down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417 and 418: ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420: Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422: ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424: The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426: The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428: Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430: Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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