An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

U.S. Scientific Activities AbroadIn the past, marine scientific research was protected as a “freedom of the sea” and largelyunregulated outside territorial seas. However, under the LOS Convention, coastal nationsgenerally can assert greater legal jurisdiction than before over various types of researchconducted in their exclusive economic zones and extended continental shelves. Coastalnations can require researchers to obtain prior approval before conducting research intheir waters and to share research data, samples, and results. The extent of the coastalnation’s authority depends on the location and purpose of the research (e.g., scientific,archaeological, historical, or economic) and must be exerted in accordance with provisionsof the LOS Convention that promote international cooperation in this field. There is variabilityin the extent to which coastal nations choose to exercise the authority available tothem. For example, for now the United States has chosen not to regulate marine scientificresearch in the U.S. EEZ. This policy is intended to encourage good international relations,and through reciprocity, to benefit the U.S. marine scientific community by easing accessto foreign waters.The State Department is the primary federal agency charged with facilitating the internationalprograms and activities of U.S. scientists. Since 1972, the department has processedabout 6,000 requests to coastal nations around the world seeking permission to conductU.S. oceanographic research in their waters. However, support for facilitating U.S. scienceabroad has declined over time. While modest improvements have been made in the lastfew years, growing interest in marine scientific research will require continued attentionto this function.Strong partnerships between U.S. and foreign scientists facilitate agreements on howinternational science initiatives should be conducted and how results should be shared.An example of this type of collaborative effort is the Ocean Drilling Program, which isimplemented through a memorandum of understanding among the United States andseveral international partners. Such partnerships can also be used to build scientific capacityin other nations. Collaborations between the United States and Mexico, for example, showthe benefits of integrating scientific research with education and training, building andsharing infrastructure, participating mutually in large-scale programs, planning jointevents and publications, and developing sources of binational funding. 3Recommendation 29–7The U.S. Department of State should offer strong support for U.S. scientists conductingresearch programs around the world. Existing international partnerships should be strengthenedand new partnerships promoted to facilitate the conduct of international research.Building International Capacity inOcean Science and ManagementImplementation of international ocean policy and improved management of ocean andcoastal resources worldwide are affected by the adequacy of the science and managementcapacity of every coastal nation. Well-trained scientists and high-quality laboratories andequipment around the world will contribute to our understanding of the oceans. Ecosystembasedmanagement can only succeed if all nations with management responsibility forsome component of the ecosystem work together to sustain its health.There are a variety of U.S. programs designed to assist in international capacity building,including several related to ocean and coastal science and management capacity. TheU.S. Agency for International Development, as part of its mission to expand democracy andimprove the lives of citizens in the developing world, sponsors programs that promote nat-454 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY