An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Harmful Algal BloomsThe term harmful algal bloom (HAB) is used to describe destructive concentrations ofparticular algal species in ocean waters. These blooms are sometimes called red tidesbecause the high algal density can make the ocean surface appear red, but they may alsobe green, yellow, or brown, depending on the type of algae present.The Nature of the ProblemThe underlying physical, chemical, and biological causes for most harmful algal bloomsare not well understood, but an increase in distribution, incidence, duration, and severityof HABs has been documented within recent decades (Figure 23.1). In many areas, increasesin nutrients in coastal waters, from point and nonpoint sources of pollution, and highernumbers of invasive species released from ships’ ballast water mirror the increase in HABevents, suggesting a possible causal connection. 7,8 However, others have suggested thatthe apparent increase in HAB events is simply a result of more frequent and effectivemonitoring. Additional research is needed to understand why blooms form in a specificarea, how they are transported, and what causes them to persist.HABs become a health concern when they produce high concentrations of potent toxinsin ocean waters. When these toxins are concentrated in fish and other seafood consumed byhumans, they can lead to paralytic, diarrhetic, neurotoxic, or amnesic shellfish poisoning.Most of these toxins cause harm only if ingested; however, some enter the air from sea sprayand can cause mild to severe respiratory illnesses when inhaled. These health effects are notrestricted to human populations; fish, birds, and marine mammals also fall victim to red tidepoisoning. The Great Lakes and large estuarine systems are also affected by HABs. Lake Eriecontinues to experience blooms of a blue green alga called Microcystin sp. This alga is capableof producing toxin compounds called microcystins that have been implicated in bird andfish kills and can result in gastrointestinal problems in humans.Annually, HABs are believed to cost the nation’s fishing and tourism industries morethan $50 million directly, with a likely multiplier effect that pushes the total economicloss to $100 million. 9,10 This can be catastrophic to low-income fishing communities, aswitnessed in Maryland in 1997 during an outbreak of Pfiesteria piscicida (a species ofdinoflagellate) associated with widespread fish kills. 11 Tourism was hurt by news coverageof seafood poisonings, and reports of red tides had a swift and chilling effect on oceansideresort visits, beach-going, and boating. Aquaculture can also be severely damaged byHABs, which can cause rapid fish kills and result in harvesting moratoria.HABs are of particular concern in areas where the water contains high concentrationsof dissolved nutrients. These areas are incubators for many types of algal blooms, nontoxicas well as toxic. The nutrients create conditions for rapid growth of large and densealgal blooms. When the algae die, their decomposition consumes the dissolved oxygenthat other organisms need for survival.Improving Understanding, Detection, and PreventionHABs constitute significant threats to the ecology and economy of coastal areas. While thepreferred course of action is prevention, effective treatments are also needed. The currentavailability of biological, chemical, or physical treatments is extremely limited. The ecologyof each bloom is different, and the required environmental conditions are not completelyunderstood for any particular algal species.The most likely and immediate solution for reducing the number and severity of HABsis to control nutrient inputs to coastal waters. (Nutrient pollution is further discussed inChapter 14.) Prevention may also be strengthened through careful facility siting decisionsand tighter controls on invasive species. However, for better long-term management, acomprehensive investigation of the biology and ecology of HABs will be needed to increaseour understanding of options for prevention, prediction, and control.344 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on the RisePre-1972Post-1972Alaska Hawaii Puerto Rico Alaska Hawaii Puerto RicoType of Outbreak ObservedPfiesteria ComplexNeurotoxic Shellfish PoisoningParalytic Shellfish PoisoningCiguateraBrown TideAmnesic Shellfish PoisoningOutbreaks of harmful algal blooms and related events, such as fish kills and marine mammal mortalities, have become moreprevalent over the past thirty years. This can be attributed to many causes, including increases in nutrient runoff that enhancethe growth of these types of organisms. However, a portion of the rise in reported bloom events may simply reflect betterdetection methods and more observers.Source: National Office for Marine Biotoxins and Harmful Algal Blooms, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA.Better coordination would help leverage the relatively few but successful HAB researchprograms currently being supported by the federal government (such as ECOHAB,MERHAB—Monitoring and Event Response for Harmful Algal Blooms; NOAA’s NationalMarine Biotoxin program and HAB sensor development and forecasting program, andefforts supported by the CDC, states, and others).Improved monitoring techniques are also essential in mitigating the harmful impactsof HABs. Sampling directly from the natural environment can help researchers compilean overall HAB picture, laying the foundation for predictive modeling and forecasting.Numerous monitoring programs already exist, many of which are funded by state governments.However, routine field sampling, combined with laboratory analysis, is expensiveand time consuming, and becomes more so as greater numbers of toxins and pathogens arediscovered over larger geographic areas. Monitoring technologies that can be stationed inaquatic environments and continually measure for HABs are urgently needed. (Chapters 15and 26 include broader discussions of national monitoring and observing needs.)To cover larger areas, monitoring data collected from remote sensing platforms areessential. NOAA is currently developing and testing techniques to forecast HAB occurrenceand movement using satellite sensors. The complementary development and deploymentof satellites and moored sensors will provide even greater coverage, cross-referencedground truthing, and more frequent site-specific sampling. These elements will add up tobetter data sets for monitoring of HABs. As more data are collected on HAB occurrences,researchers will be able to more accurately predict future outbreaks by using advancedcomputer models and taking into account the physical and biological conditions leadingto HABs.C HAPTER 23: CONNECTING THE O CEANS AND H UMAN H EALTH345
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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Page 336 and 337: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339: • Major government subsidies aime
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Page 342: References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
Page 345 and 346: fishing line because they are not a
Page 347 and 348: Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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Page 351 and 352: PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Page 368 and 369: CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371: which are widespread in European sa
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Page 374: Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380: Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381: Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
Page 385 and 386: waters used for drinking and public
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Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
Page 391 and 392: over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394: Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396: Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400: State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404: The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406: Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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Page 411 and 412: PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414: hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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Page 417 and 418: ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420: Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422: ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424: The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426: The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428: Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430: Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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