An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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References1 Belden, Russonello, & Stewart and American Viewpoint. Communicating about Oceans: Results of a National Survey.Washington, DC: The Ocean Project, 1999.2 Calsyn, C., P. Gonzales, and M. Frase. Highlights from TIMSS [Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study].Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, 1999.3 National Science Board. Science and Engineering Indicators—2002. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2002.4 McManus, D.A., et al. Center for Ocean Science Education Excellence: Report of a Workshop Sponsored by theNational Science Foundation. Ocean Springs, MS: University of Southern Mississippi, 2000.5 National Research Council. Report of the Committee on Oceanography. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1929.6 Ocean Research Advisory Panel. A National Strategy to Improve Ocean Literacy and Strengthen Science Educationthrough an Improved Knowledge of the Oceans and Coasts. Washington, DC, 2002.7 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. New Priorities for the 21st Century: NOAA’s Strategic Plan for FY2003–FY 2008 and Beyond. Washington, DC, 2003.8 National Research Council. The Role of Scientists in the Professional Development of Science Teachers. Washington,DC: National Academy Press, 1996.9 Geoscience Education Working Group. Geoscience Education: A Recommended Strategy. Arlington, VA: NationalScience Foundation, 1997.10 National Research Council. The Role of Scientists in the Professional Development of Science Teachers. Washington,DC: National Academy Press, 1996.11 Kauffman, T., and S. Losey. “Work-Force Crisis Eased.” Federal Times. 39, no. 15 (May 12, 2003).12 Ibid.13 Cuker, B. E. “Steps to Increasing Minority Participation in the Aquatic Sciences: Catching Up with ShiftingDemographics.” ASLO Bulletin. 10, no. 2 (June 2001).14 National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics 2002. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department ofEducation, June 2003.15 American Zoo and Aquarium Association. “The Collective Impact of America’s Zoos and Aquariums.” Accessed July 30, 2003.16 The Mellman Group. Presentation of Findings from a Nationwide Survey and Focus Groups. Washington, DC: SeaWeb,June 1996.146 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
Page 133 and 134: data collection efforts are essenti
Page 136 and 137: CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
Page 138 and 139: nisms for managing new ocean uses.
Page 140 and 141: sure that disputes are resolved and
Page 142 and 143: Reserve System, which is made up of
Page 144: Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
Page 147 and 148: Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
Page 149 and 150: Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
Page 151 and 152: Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
Page 153 and 154: Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
Page 159 and 160: PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
Page 161 and 162: Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
Page 163 and 164: Therefore, the interaction and invo
Page 165 and 166: NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
Page 167 and 168: Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
Page 171 and 172: Bridging the Gap between Scientists
Page 173 and 174: Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
Page 175 and 176: creativity that has expanded our un
Page 177 and 178: Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
Page 179 and 180: Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
Page 181 and 182: Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
Page 183: to reach desired outcomes. While fe
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 9MANAGING COASTS ANDTHEIR W
Page 190 and 191: The pattern of coastal growth—oft
Page 192 and 193: Box 9.3 What Is a Coastal Watershed
Page 194 and 195: nated, representing a variety of oc
Page 196 and 197: Box 9.4 Balancing Federal Ocean Act
Page 198 and 199: consolidated into a central reposit
Page 200 and 201: CHAPTER 10GUARDING PEOPLE AND PROPE
Page 202 and 203: Box 10.1 Hurricanes Wreak Havoc Alo
Page 204 and 205: spurred Congress to provide substan
Page 206 and 207: The federal governmentshould elimin
Page 208 and 209: CHAPTER 11CONSERVING AND RESTORINGC
Page 210 and 211: acquisition and easements are often
Page 212 and 213: Box 11.1 Examples of Large-scale Co
Page 214 and 215: step. There remains, however, a nee
Page 216 and 217: Protecting the Nation’s Wetlands:
Page 218 and 219: CHAPTER 12MANAGING SEDIMENTAND SHOR
Page 220 and 221: Figure 12.1 Dams Impede SedimentDes
Page 222 and 223: Developing Regional Strategies for
Page 224 and 225: of sediment (300 by USACE and anoth
Page 226 and 227: Long-term planning efforts for mana
Page 228: health of coastal areas. To be succ
Page 231 and 232: Table 13.1 The Leading Role of the
Page 233 and 234: Figure 13.2 Goods Traveling through
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coasts. One issue that may have spe
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Box 13.1 Federal Members of the Int
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tions. Similarly, in September 2003
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CHAPTER 14ADDRESSING COASTALWATER P
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Figure 14.2 Land-based NutrientsCan
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Figure 14.3 Changes in Funding for
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when total water volumes exceed the
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almost $1 billion per year required
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National Nonpoint Source Pollution
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Box 14.2 The Impact of Farm Nutrien
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impacts; and state and local govern
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Clean Air Act. In other words, the
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Collaboration at the Watershed Scal
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The federal government is taking so
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CHAPTER 15CREATING A NATIONALMONITO
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pling design and intensity, paramet
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Figure 15.1 Watershed Monitoring Ha
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that affect watershed, estuarine, a
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Box 15.2 Keeping Up With New Contam
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CHAPTER 16LIMITING VESSEL POLLUTION
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ment plans, the evidence of continu
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Port State ControlNations have the
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Figure 16.1 Most Cruise Ship Travel
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Recommendation 16-7The U.S. Environ
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Prior to recent international actio
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state, and port levels; resolving f
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coastal activities. Close coordinat
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CHAPTER 17PREVENTING THE SPREADOF I
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Figure 17.1 Great Lakes States Take
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Aquatic Plant Control Program, the
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Investments in new treatment techno
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• conduct a comprehensive nationa
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Recommendation 17-7The United State
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CHAPTER 18REDUCING MARINE DEBRISThe
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Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
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tional materials on marine debris t
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Box 18.1 Abandoned Fishing Nets Cat
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PART VIOCEAN VALUE AND VITALITY:E N
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the expansion of U.S. fishing capab
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The Magnuson-Stevens Act requires e
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Recommendation 19-4The National Mar
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The lists of RFMC information needs
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Although the background and recomme
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confusion for fishermen and the pub
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Environmental Policy Act, the Admin
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Box 19.1 Dedicated Access Privilege
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Recommendation 19-16Congress should
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levels, the degree of cooperation i
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legal action. Enforcement difficult
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nomic costs to the fishermen and co
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a significant impact on survival of
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In addition to global and multilate
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Recommendation 19-27The National Oc
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CHAPTER 20PROTECTING MARINEMAMMALS
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NOAA Photo LibraryOverall, the larg
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successfully prevented species from
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The MMPA prohibits the taking or im
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Foundation, U.S. Army Corps of Engi
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and behavioral problems will arise
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ment data, make it difficult to eva
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CHAPTER 21PRESERVING CORAL REEFS AN
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coral reefs in the Florida Keys alo
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NOAA, Damage Assessment and Restora
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Recommendation 21-2As part of the n
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Recommendation 21-5The U.S. Coral R
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Figure 22.1 The United States Impor
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Administration, the U.S. Army Corps
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• include the development of a si
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CHAPTER 23CONNECTING THE OCEANSAND
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The oceans are thelast great fronti
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Table 23.1 The Bounty of the SeaThi
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Harmful Algal BloomsThe term harmfu
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Marine Bacteria and VirusesBacteria
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• developing in situ and space-ba
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indicator species does not provide
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CHAPTER 24MANAGING OFFSHORE ENERGYA
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Congress responded to this debate b
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Figure 24.2 A “Process Rich” bu
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Box 24.1 Offshore Liquefied Natural
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For decades, Congress has debated p
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Box 24.2 The Federal Consistency Pr
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Recommendation 24-2The U.S. Departm
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Conversely, there is no comprehensi
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1970s to the early 1990s that produ
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5 Richardson, G.E., et al. Deepwate
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CHAPTER 25CREATING A NATIONALSTRATE
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Figure 25.1 Proposed Structure for
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It is time for the United States to
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Box 25.1 Examples of Ocean and Coas
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ing enactment of the 1976 Magnuson-
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Coastal communitiesdepend on health
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typical. This type of funding is us
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acceptable progress. In response, t
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task of repeating surveys of the sa
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OTA occupied a unique role among th
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and technological capacity to devel
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Steps of a U.S. Plan (2000). The se
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nies, nongovernmental organizations
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Table 26.1 Proposed Core Variables
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Another gap is in the development o
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IOOS. The differences in missions a
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Strengthening Earth Observations th
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CHAPTER 27ENHANCING OCEANINFRASTRUC
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Maximizing Resources through Collab
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improve the prospects for resource
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Dramatic advances insubmergence veh
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The Ocean Observatories InitiativeI
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(MMS), and EPA, and indirect help w
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• The USGS Coastal and Marine Geo
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Creating Virtual Marine Technology
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CHAPTER 28MODERNIZING OCEAN DATAAND
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Table 28.1 National Civilian and Mi
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Coping with the Flood of Incoming D
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type of education was wholly inadeq
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Interactions between private compan
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Recommendation 28-5The U.S. Navy sh
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CHAPTER 29ADVANCING INTERNATIONALOC
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Guiding PrinciplesThe guiding princ
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Table 29.1 U.S. Participation in In
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Commission, International Maritime
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• Seamounts. Worldwide concerns h
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U.S. Scientific Activities AbroadIn
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PART IXMOVING AHEAD:IMPLEMENTING A
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coastal management: “NOAA should
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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dination among federal agencies (Re
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ally over the next five years. Chap
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Under the new ocean policy framewor
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coastal resource treaty rights. A l
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CHAPTER 31SUMMARY OFRECOMMENDATIONS
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• creation of regional ocean coun
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Office on Ocean Observing (Ocean.US
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Environmental Protection AgencyReco
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Complete List of Recommendations in
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Recommendation 4-6Congress should e
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Recommendation 5-6The Council on En
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Chapter 8: Promoting Lifelong Ocean
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Recommendation 8-10The National Oce
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• performance measures—State co
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Recommendation 11-2The regional oce
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• an overall system design that d
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Recommendation 16-14In developing a
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Chapter 18: Reducing Marine DebrisR
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Recommendation 19-7The Regional Fis
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Chapter 21: Preserving Coral Reefs
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Chapter 23: Connecting the Oceans a
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Recommendation 24-4The National Oce
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• establish and maintain a single
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Page 558 and 559:
• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 29-8The United State
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APPENDIX AO CEANS A CT OF 2000
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Section 3. Commission on Ocean Poli
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(H) Recommendations for any modific
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APPENDIX BA CRONYMS A PPEARINGIN TH
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MARPOLMEDEAMERHABMERPMLAMMCMMPAMMSM
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMore than thirty y
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1. INTRODUCTIONAconstant theme in d
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3. TRENDS IN POPULATION AND HOUSING
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ties. From 1970-2000, the number of
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Major conclusions from Table C.5 in
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Figure C.6 Composition of the Priva
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growth in wages and output, while g
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The value of beach recreation Beach
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of freight. Expansions and improvem
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of a network among these and other
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Table C.3 Population in Coastal Tie
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Table C.6 Private Ocean EconomyOcea
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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APPENDIX DG LOSSARY OF F EDERALO CE
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Oceans Act of 2000 ................
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SECTION 2OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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National Invasive Species CouncilNa
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Clean Water ActCongress enacted the
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Farm Bill 1985—Food Security ActT
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National Oceanographic Partnership
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SECTION 4OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Clean Water Act—Total Maximum Dai
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National Park SystemThe National Pa
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Proposed Structure for Coordination
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CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ANDSUBCOMM
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• Subcommittee on Forestry, Conse
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APPENDIX GD ETAILED C OSTS A SSOCIA
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 645 and 646:
I NDEX
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ecosystem-based management,62, 66-6
Page 649 and 650:
Convention on the Conservationand M
Page 651 and 652:
value of oceans, 30-36ecosystem ass
Page 653 and 654:
erosion, 40, 182beaches, 42, 44, 16
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coral ecosystem effects, 44,320, 32
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oil, 236, 246, 362-363science and t
Page 659 and 660:
Magnuson-Stevens FisheryConservatio
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National Ice Center, 402, 424, 430N
Page 663 and 664:
dredging, 181, 183, 185-186,187, 19
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in marine transportation,192-193, 2
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evenues from resources, 33,102-103,
Page 669 and 670:
treaty/treaties (see also agreement
Page 671 and 672:
oceanographic research,49-50, 375,
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