An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Recommendation 11–2The regional ocean councils, working with state coastal management programs and othergovernmental and nongovernmental entities, should assess regional needs and set goals andpriorities for ocean and coastal habitat conservation and restoration efforts that are consistentwith state and local goals. The National Ocean Council should develop national goalsthat are consistent with regional, state, and local goals, and should ensure coordinationamong all related federal activities.Recommendation 11–3The U.S. Department of the Interior, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers should enhance their restorationscience, monitoring, and assessment activities. Congress should amend relevant legislationto allow greater discretion in using a portion of federal habitat conservation andrestoration funds for related research, monitoring, and assessments.Recommendation 11–4The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service should complete, digitize, and periodically update theNational Wetlands Inventory.Recommendation 11–5The National Ocean Council should coordinate development of a comprehensive wetlandsprotection framework that is linked to coastal habitat and watershed management efforts,and should make specific recommendations for the integration of the Clean Water ActSection 404 wetlands permitting process into that broader management approach.Chapter 12: Managing Sediment and ShorelinesRecommendation 12–1The National Ocean Council should develop a national strategy for managing sediment on aregional basis. The strategy should incorporate ecosystem-based principles, balancing ecologicaland economic considerations.In addition, the strategy should:• acknowledge adverse impacts on marine environments due to urban development,agriculture, dams, dredging, pollutant discharges, and other activities that affectsediment flows or quality.• ensure involvement of port managers, coastal planners, land use planners, and otherstakeholders in watershed planning.• emphasize watershed management as a tool to address upstream land uses that affectsediment input to rivers and coastal waters.Recommendation 12–2Congress should direct the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to adopt regional andecosystem-based management approaches in carrying out all of its sediment-related civilworks missions and should modify USACE authorities and processes as necessary to achievethis goal.Recommendation 12–3The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers should ensure that its selection of the least-cost disposaloption for dredging projects reflects a more accurate accounting of the full range of economic,environmental, and other relevant costs and benefits for options that reuse dredgedmaterial, as well as for other disposal methods.492 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Recommendation 12–4The National Dredging Team should ensure vigorous and sustained implementation of therecommendations contained in its Dredged Material Management: Action Agenda for theNext Decade, moving toward more ecosystem-based approaches. Regional dredging teams,working with regional ocean councils, should establish sediment management programs thatexpand beyond single watersheds to larger regional ecosystems.Recommendation 12–5The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, working with U.S. Department of the Interior agencies, theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, in consultation with state and local governments, should develop and implement astrategy for improved assessments, monitoring, research, and technology development toenhance sediment management.Recommendation 12–6Congress should modify its current authorization and funding processes to require the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), or an appropriate third party, to monitor outcomes frompast USACE projects and assess the cumulative, regional impacts of USACE activities withincoastal watersheds and ecosystems. Such assessments should be peer-reviewed consistentwith recommendations from the National Research Council.Recommendation 12–7The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, working with other appropriate entities, includingstate and local governments, should build upon EPA’s 2002 draft contaminated sedimentsscience plan to develop and conduct coordinated strategies for assessment, monitoring, andresearch to better understand how contaminated sediment is created and transported. Thestrategies should also develop technologies for better prevention, safer dredging or onsitetreatment, and more effective post-recovery treatment of contaminated dredged material.Chapter 13: Supporting Marine Commerce and TransportationRecommendation 13–1Congress should designate the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as the lead federalagency for planning and oversight of the marine transportation system and DOT shouldsubmit regular reports to Congress on the condition and future needs of the system. TheNational Ocean Council should identify overlapping functions in other federal agencies andmake recommendations concerning the advisability of transferring those functions to DOT.Recommendation 13–2Congress should codify the Interagency Committee for the Marine Transportation System andplace it under the oversight of the National Ocean Council (NOC).Under the oversight of the NOC’s Committee on Ocean Resource Management, the InteragencyCommittee for the Marine Transportation System should:• be chaired by the U.S. Department of Transportation.• improve coordination among all participants in the U.S. marine transportation system.• promote the integration of marine transportation with other modes of transportationand with other ocean and coastal uses and activities.• recommend strategies and plans for: better informing the public of the importance ofmarine commerce and transportation; devising alternate funding scenarios to meetshort- and long-term demands on the marine transportation system; matching federalrevenues derived from marine transportation with funding needs to maintain andimprove the system; and delineating short- and long-term priorities.CHAPTER 31: SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS493
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480: PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482: intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484: the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486: Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488: Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490: Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492: International Ocean Science Program
Page 493: Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 498 and 499: Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501: Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503: also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505: Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507: Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508: Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512: • Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514: Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516: Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518: Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520: • expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522: Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524: Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526: • expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528: Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529: Recommendation 10-2The National Oce
Page 533 and 534: Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536: Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538: Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540: Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542: • the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544: Recommendation 19-12Congress should
Page 545 and 546: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548: Recommendation 20-7The National Oce
Page 549 and 550: Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552: • work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554: • an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556: Recommendation 26-6The National Oce
Page 557 and 558: Recommendation 27-4Congress should
Page 559 and 560: Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563: PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567: One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569: (e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571: Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573: ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576: APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578: growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580: 2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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