An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

commercial recovery, including offshore sand and gravel for use as construction aggregate,is through the competitive leasing process of the OCSLA.In 1994, Congress authorized coastal communities to use sand and gravel from theOCS for public works projects without going through the statute’s bidding process. Sincethen, MMS has used this authority to allow federal, state, and local agencies to mine OCSsand to protect shorelines, nourish beaches, and restore wetlands. Between 1995 and2004, MMS provided over 20 million cubic yards of OCS sand for 14 coastal projects. 19Louisiana alone is expected to seek millions of cubic yards of OCS sand for various barrierisland restoration projects and levee systems. 20The depletion of OCS sand in state waters after decades of excavation, and growingenvironmental opposition to the activity in areas close to shore, are exacerbated by theacceleration of erosion, ever-expanding coastal populations, and on the increasing vulnerabilityof fragile beaches, exposed beachfront property, and coastal-dependent industriesto coastal storms. With the need for sand increasing and its availability in state watersdecreasing, the OCS provides the obvious remedy. It is not, however, a remedy withoutassociated problems.MMS has numerous environmental studies underway or planned to evaluate the effectsof OCS dredging on the marine and coastal environment and to identify ways to eliminateor mitigate harmful impacts. There remains, nevertheless, significant uncertainty about thelong-term, cumulative impacts of sand and gravel mining on ocean systems and marinelife. Changes in bathymetry can affect waves and currents in a manner that could increaseshoreline erosion. Alterations to the ocean bottom can affect repopulation of the benthiccommunity, cause increased turbidity, damage submerged resources such as historic shipwrecks,and kill marine organisms, including fish. For economic reasons, the demand forsand and gravel leases will most likely concentrate on OCS areas that are relatively close toshore. Some environmentalists and fishing representatives have opposed mining in statewaters and may well oppose similar projects in adjacent federal waters.A vital component of a national strategy to manage mineral resources located on theOCS is the need for an overall assessment of: the nation’s OCS mineral endowment (sandand gravel, as well as other strategic minerals vital to the long-term security of thenation); the need for those resources (highest and best uses); the long-term environmentalimpacts associated with use of those resources; and the multiple-use implications of otheruses of the OCS (including wind farms, cables, and pipelines). While resource managershave identified large volumes of sand off the nation’s shores, the ultimate volumes thatmay be recovered remain unknown. Sand and gravel resources from the OCS are key toprotecting the nation’s shores and wetlands and to supplementing ever-diminishingonshore supplies of aggregate to support construction activities.Recommendation 24–6The Minerals Management Service should systematically identify the nation’s offshore nonenergymineral resources and conduct the necessary cost-benefit, long-term security, and environmentalstudies to create a national program that ensures the best uses of those resources.References1 Minerals Management Service. “Total OCS Gas Production.” Accessed March 11, 2004.2 Minerals Management Service. “Federal Offshore Crude and Condensate Production: 1992–2003.” Accessed March 11, 2004.3 Minerals Management Service. “Offshore Minerals Management.” Accessed March 9, 2004.4 Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2004. DOE/EIA–X053. Washington, DC: U.S. Departmentof Energy, January 2004.CHAPTER 24: MANAGING OFFSHORE ENERGY AND OTHER MINERAL RESOURCES369