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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epidemiology of Seafood Poisoning.” In Seafood and Environmental Toxins, ed. Y.H. Hui, D.Kits, and P.S. Stanfield, 287–310. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 2001.31 Epstein, P., et al. Marine Ecosystems: Emerging Diseases as Indicators of Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard MedicalSchool, 1998.32 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epidemiology of Seafood Poisoning.” In Seafood and Environmental Toxins, ed. Y.H. Hui, D.Kits, and P.S. Stanfield, 287–310. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 2001.33 Anderson, D.M., et al. Estimated Annual Economic Impacts from Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the United States.Technical Report WHOI–2000–11. Woods Hole, MA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2000.34 The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment. The State of the Nation’s Ecosystems:Measuring the Lands, Waters, and Living Resources of the United States. Washington, DC, 2002.35 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome, Italy:United Nations, 2002.36 National Marine Fisheries Service. Annual Report to Congress on the Status of U.S. Fisheries—2003. Silver Spring, MD:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2003.37 Pauly, D., et al. “Fishing Down Marine Food Webs.” Science 279 (1998): 860–63.38 Weber, P. Net Loss: Fish, Jobs, and the Marine Environment. Worldwatch Paper 120. Washington, DC: WorldwatchInstitute, 1994.39 McGinn, A.P. Rocking the Boat: Conserving Fisheries and Protecting Jobs. Worldwatch Paper 142. Washington, DC:Worldwatch Institute, 1998.40 Pew Oceans Commission. Socioeconomic Perspectives on Marine Fisheries in the United States. Arlington, VA, 2003.41 Fretwell, J.D., J.S. Williams, and P.J. Redman. National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. USGS Water-SupplyPaper 2425. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.42 Dahl, T.E. Wetlands Losses in the United States: 1780s to 1980s. Washington, DC, and Jamestown, ND: U.S. Fish andWildlife Service and Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, 1990.43 National Wetland Research Center. Louisiana Coastal Ecosystem. USGS Fact Sheet #FS–015–00. Washington, DC: U.S.Geological Survey, 2000.44 Bookman, C.A., T.J. Culliton, and M.A. Warren. “Trends in U.S. Coastal Regions, 1970–1998.” Addendum to Trends andFuture Challenges for U.S. National Ocean and Coastal Policy. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, 1999.45 Wilkinson, C., ed. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Queensland, Australia: Australian Institute of MarineScience, 2000.46 Ruiz, G.M. Written testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Subcommittee onEnvironment, Technology, and Standards. June 20, 2002.47 Ruiz, G.M., et al. “Invasion of Coastal Marine Communities in North America: Apparent Patterns, Processes, andBiases.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31 (2000): 481–531.48 Carlton, J.T., D.M. Reid, and H. van Leeuwen. Shipping Study. The Role of Shipping in the Introduction ofNonindigenous Aquatic Organisms to the Coastal Waters of the United States (Other Than the Great Lakes) and anAnalysis of Control Options. The National Sea Grant College Program/Connecticut Sea Grant Project R/ES–6. Report#CG–D–11–95. Washington, DC, and Groton, CT: U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Coast Guard, 1995.49 Carlton, J.T. “The Scale and Ecological Consequences of Biological Invasions in the World’s Oceans.” In Invasive Speciesand Biodiversity Management, ed. O.T. Sandlund, P.J. Schei, and A. Viken. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer AcademicPublishers, 1999.50 Carlton, J.T. Introduced Species in the U.S. Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts and Management Priorities.Arlington, VA: Pew Oceans Commission, 2001.51 Bureau of the Census. “World Population Projections.” Accessed October 2, 2003.52 Natural Resources Defense Council. Stormwater Strategies: Community Responses to Runoff Pollution. New York, NY, 1999.53 Beach, D. Coastal Sprawl: The Effects of Urban Design on Aquatic Ecosystems in the United States. Arlington, VA:Pew Oceans Commission, 2002.54 Schueler, T., and H.K. Holland. The Practice of Watershed Protection. Ellicott City, MD: Center for WatershedProtection, 2000.55 Beach, D. Coastal Sprawl: The Effects of Urban Design on Aquatic Ecosystems in the United States. Arlington, VA:Pew Oceans Commission, 2002.56 Bureau of the Census. United States Census 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2001.46 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
57 Bookman, C.A., T.J. Culliton, and M.A. Warren. “Trends in U.S. Coastal Regions, 1970–1998.” Addendum to Trends andFuture Challenges for U.S. National Ocean and Coastal Policy. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, 1999.58 Institute for Business and Home Safety. The Insured Cost of Natural Disasters: A Report on the IBHS Paid Loss DataBase. Boston, MA, 1998.59 Pielke, Jr., R.A., and R.A. Pielke, Sr. Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society. London: Wiley and Sons, 1997.60 The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment. Evaluation of Erosion Hazards Summary.Washington, DC, 2000.61 National Research Council. Climate Change: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. Washington, DC: National AcademyPress, 2001.62 Houghton, J.T., et al., eds. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press andIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001.63 Colwell, R. “Global Climate and Infectious Disease: The Cholera Paradigm.” Science 274 (1996): 2025–31.64 National Research Council. From Monsoons to Microbes: Understanding the Ocean’s Role in Human Health.Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999.65 National Research Council. The Bering Sea Ecosystem. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.66 Houghton, J.T., et al., eds. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press andIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001.67 Rothrock, D.A., Y. Yu, and G.A. Makut. “Thinning of the Arctic Sea Ice Cover.” Geophysical Research Letters 26, no. 23(1999): 3469–72.68 U.S. Global Change Research Program. Accessed January 22, 2004.69 Harvell, C.D., et al. “Emerging Marine Diseases: Climate Links and Anthropogenic Factors.” Science 285 (1999):1505–10.70 Kennet, J.P., and L.C. Peterson. “Rapid Climate Change: Ocean Responses to Earth System Instability in the LateQuaternary.” JOIDES Journal 28, no. 1 (2002): 5–9.71 National Research Council. Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002.C HAPTER 1: RECOGNIZING O CEAN A SSETS AND C HALLENGES47
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5:
THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33:
Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 34 and 35: LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
Page 36 and 37: LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
Page 38 and 39: PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
Page 40 and 41: The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43: The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45: Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
Page 46 and 47: appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49: Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51: Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
Page 52 and 53: Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
Page 54 and 55: ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57: To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59: liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 62 and 63: pation of all ocean-related federal
Page 64: also produce revenues in time, and
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
Page 70 and 71: Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
Page 72 and 73: Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
Page 76 and 77: Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
Page 78 and 79: chemicals tend to bind to particles
Page 80 and 81: coastal watershed counties grew by
Page 82 and 83: One of the most immediate phenomena
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
Page 88 and 89: ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
Page 90 and 91: The legislation was prompted by the
Page 92 and 93: The architects of ocean-related pro
Page 94 and 95: Congress on ocean and coastal issue
Page 96 and 97: Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 100 and 101: USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
Page 102 and 103: Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
Page 104 and 105: damage is also high, managers shoul
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
Page 108 and 109: PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
Page 110 and 111: The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
Page 113 and 114: PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
Page 115 and 116: Government agencies work on these a
Page 117 and 118: Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
Page 119 and 120: • reach out to state, territorial
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
Page 123 and 124: References1 National Research Counc
Page 125 and 126: significant initiative by federal a
Page 127 and 128: The California Bay-Delta Authority
Page 129 and 130: Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
Page 131 and 132: Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
Page 133 and 134: data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
Page 355 and 356:
Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
Page 365 and 366:
exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Page 383 and 384:
Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406:
Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
Page 411 and 412:
PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416:
down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417 and 418:
ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420:
Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422:
ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424:
The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426:
The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428:
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430:
Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437:
nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441:
Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443:
Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445:
Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447:
Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452:
This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456:
University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458:
cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462:
A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468:
Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470:
to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476:
Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480:
PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484:
the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486:
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
Page 493:
Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501:
Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542:
• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552:
• work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554:
• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563:
PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569:
(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571:
Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578:
growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588:
Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592:
6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594:
7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596:
Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598:
Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600:
REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601:
NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607:
SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609:
Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613:
Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615:
Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623:
APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628:
APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631:
Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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