An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquaculture support, 333data management, 437socioeconomic research, 383,384research community linkages,49, 124, 125, 129, 130, 132,133, 135–136, 137, 139, 335,347acoustic research programs,315–316, 377Act to Prevent Pollution fromShips, 266Administrative Procedures Act,287Agreement to PromoteCompliance withInternational Conservationand Management Measures byFishing Vessels on the HighSeas, 300, 301, 446agriculture (see also U.S.Department of Agriculture)conservation programs, 213,214, 219economic value compared tooceans, 31pollution from, 39, 54, 159,183, 206, 213, 214, 215, 216,219air pollution (see also atmosphere/atmospheric)from vessels, 244–245and water quality, 64, 206Alaska, 282, 299, 317Community DevelopmentQuota Program, 288, 289Marine Conservation Council,298mineral deposits, 368oil and gas development, 354,357, 359, 365Synthetic Aperture RadarFacility, 430vessel pollution, 241, 242albatross, 299, 308algal blooms (see harmful algalblooms)allowable biological catch,277–278, 279, 280, 287Alvin, 418, 419American Samoa, 34, 70, 135,170, 321, 325Animal and Plant HealthInspection Service, 254, 260animal feeding operations, 39,206, 211 (see also concentratedanimal feeding operations)aquaculturecoordinated action, 66, 100,101, 333–334, 336environmental impacts, 40,331–332, 336fishery impacts, 40, 331–332,334health concerns, 346, 349infrastructure, 330international cooperation,302, 336and invasive species, 40, 256,257, 258, 261, 331–332, 336management structure,332–333offshore, 33, 54, 100, 101,332, 336permitting and leasing system,101, 332, 334regulatory regime, 101,332–333research and developmentneeds, 335, 380sustainable management,333–335value of, 32, 330–331aquariums, 35, 125, 136, 143,144, 151, 316Aquatic Nuisance Species TaskForce, 253, 259, 259–260, 478archaeology, 37, 102, 387Arctic Ocean, 73, 364Argo float program, 395, 414artificial reefs, 33, 99Ash Council, 109, 116Asrar, Ghassem, 404assessments (see ecosystem assessments;evaluation)Assistant to the President, 80–81,114, 449, 475Atlantic Coastal FisheriesCooperative Management Act,284Atlantic States Marine FisheriesCommission, 284, 298atmosphere/atmospheric (see alsoair pollution)deposition of pollutants, 39,210, 211, 223–224monitoring, 229, 230, 232,408pollution control, 223–224Australia, ocean policy, 79, 288,308bacteria, 35, 39, 210, 229, 241,341, 346 (see also humanhealth)ballast water discharges, 41, 253,254, 255, 256, 257–258, 259,260–261, 345barrier islands, 155, 165, 187beaches and shorelinescleanups, 265, 268closings and advisories, 39,210, 217, 226, 264, 349–350debris management, 264, 265,268economic value, 35erosion, 42, 44, 163, 166, 167,168nourishment, 150, 157,163–164, 181, 184, 186, 187,307, 369water quality monitoring,233, 349–350Beaches EnvironmentalAssessment and CoastalHealth Act, 213, 229, 266Bering Sea, 49, 73, 288best management practices, 151,211, 214, 215, 218, 219, 221,232, 335biodiversitycoral ecosystems, 37, 307,321, 326–327H 2A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
ecosystem–based management,62, 66–67, 104, 473ecosystem diversity, 66, 379education needs, 136, 138, 140and human health, 33, 35,339–340genetic diversity, 66, 379human impacts, 66–67, 206international convention, 54and marine animal models forhuman research, 339in marine protected areas, 104microbial, 341monitoring, 228public support for, 309research needs, 66, 379, 380species diversity, 66, 379bioproductseconomic value, 33, 35, 339industrial uses, 340–341investments in, 340managing discovery anddevelopment, 54, 341, 343molecular probes, 340nutrients, 33, 340pharmaceuticals, 33, 339,340, 341bioprospecting, 100, 343Bush (G.H.W.) administration, 54,178, 354Bush (G.W.) administration, 56,93, 475business (see employment)bycatch (see also fishery management),40, 264, 287, 288,298–299, 302, 303, 306–307,308, 314, 317, 318Caldwell, Jack C., 178CALFED, 89, 159Californiabeach–related activities, 35,151, 182coastal economy, 151coastal zone, 154invasive species, 41, 256, 257,259mineral resources, 368offshore management, 160,354, 357, 358water management projects,182wetlands, 40, 170California Bay–Delta Authority(see CALFED)Canada, ocean policy, 79, 87, 93,223, 224, 261, 275, 284, 301,358cancer, 33, 35, 340, 341, 342Capital Construction Fund, 275,290, 291carbon sequestration, 33, 37,67–68, 450Caribbean Seacoral reefs, 41, 323pollution management, 223,224, 270, 455Carter administration, 117Centers for Disease Control, 339,341, 347Centers for Ocean SciencesEducation Excellence, 124,129, 130, 132, 134channels, 186, 196, 200chart/charting (see mapping andcharting activities)Chesapeake Bay, 41, 86–87, 88,89, 159, 171, 173, 209, 223,261, 332, 422Childers, Dorothy, 298cholera, 43, 346–347 (see alsohuman health)CITES, 303, 326–327, 448Clean Air Act, 157, 224, 245, 366Clean Vessel Act, 243Clean Water Act, 73, 101, 171,214, 224, 241, 243, 266, 324,366amendments, 156, 157, 160,213NPDES program, 207, 211,221Section 319 program, 218,219–220Section 404 program,178–179State Revolving Funds, 207,212, 217, 219climate (see also global climatechange)Global Climate ObservingSystem, 414global system studies, 387,395and oceans, 37, 387Clinton administration, 54, 72, 354Coastal America, 84, 173Coastal and Ocean ResourceEconomics Program, 382coastal areas (see also beaches andshorelines)defining, 34, 35dune ecosystems, 307economy, 31, 32, 34–36, 150,151, 382–384monitoring, 176–177,231–232population pressures, 36,41–42, 43, 150–152real estate, 36, 37water quality, 233, 204–205,349–350watersheds, 31, 32, 34, 154Coastal Barrier Resources Act,155, 163Coastal Barrier Resources System,153, 155coastal habitats, 170–179 (see alsohabitat restoration; wetlands;other specific habitats)Coastal and Estuarine LandConservation Program, 172conservation programs,155–156, 171–172, 176ecosystem–based approach,173, 175, 176, 177funding for, 172, 176inventories and assessments,176–177losses, 40–41, 151, 170, 172regional coordination, 177research needs, 380restoration, 156, 172–176threats to, 151, 170–171value of, 36, 170, 173vulnerability to natural hazards,42, 165coastal planning and management,150–161 (see also development)boundary/jurisdictional considerations,153–154, 155, 157consolidation and coordinationof programs, 156–157,173, 175decision–making layers,152–153, 184existing programs, 152,153–155, 158–159I NDEXH 3
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420:
Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443:
Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445:
Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452:
This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486:
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542:
• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552:
• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571:
Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578:
growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592:
6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594:
7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596: Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598: Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600: REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601: NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607: SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609: Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623: APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628: APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630: Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631: Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 648 and 649: federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651: integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653: programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655: coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657: Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659: invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661: common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663: monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665: jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667: Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669: single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671: Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672: pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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