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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDFEDERAL LAWSAbandoned Shipwreck ActThe Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 (Pub. L.100–298; 43 U.S.C. §§ 2101 et seq.) vests title to certainabandoned shipwrecks in state submerged landsto the federal government which, with certain exceptions,immediately transfers ownership to the statewhose submerged lands contain the shipwreck.States are encouraged to develop policies to allow forpublic and private sector recovery of shipwrecks consistentwith the protection of historical values andenvironmental integrity and with guidelines issuedby the Secretary of the Interior.Act to Prevent Pollution from ShipsIn 1980, Congress enacted the Act to PreventPollution from Ships (APPS; Pub. L. 96–478; 33U.S.C. §§ 1901 et seq.). Together with subsequentamendments, APPS prohibits the discharge of oil andnoxious liquids and the disposal of various types ofgarbage in offshore waters consistent with theInternational Convention for the Prevention ofPollution from Ships (known as MARPOL).Requirements vary based on the form of the materialand the vessel’s location and distance from shore.The law applies to all ships, whether U.S. or foreignflag, that are subject to U.S. jurisdiction.Atlantic Coastal Fisheries CooperativeManagement ActIn 1993, Congress enacted the Atlantic CoastalFisheries Cooperative Management Act (Pub. L.103–206; 16 U.S.C. §§ 5107 et seq.), which providesa mechanism to ensure state compliance with mandatedconservation measures of interstate fisherymanagement plans approved by the Atlantic StatesMarine Fisheries Commission.See Section 2 (Federal Commissions, Committees, andCouncils): Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission.Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation ActIn 1984, Congress enacted the Atlantic Striped BassConservation Act (Pub. L. 98–613; 16 U.S.C. §§1851 et seq.), requiring the Secretary of Commerce toimpose a moratorium on fishing for striped bass inany state that is not in compliance with the AtlanticStates Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) interstatefisheries management plan for striped bass.Such action must be recommended by the ASMFC,and noncompliance confirmed by the Secretary.See Section 2 (Federal Commissions, Committees, andCouncils): Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission.Clean Air ActCongress passed the Clean Air Act Amendmentsof 1970 (CAA; Pub. L. 91–604; 42 U.S.C. §§ 7401et seq.) to regulate pollution from stationary andmobile sources. Administered by EPA, the bulk ofthe CAA is concerned with establishing a regulatoryprogram for controlling air pollution, although itdoes address the goal of improving air qualitythrough federal subsidies, technical assistance,studies, training, and other methods. Managingatmospheric deposition of pollutants to water bodiesis the principal nexus between the CAA and oceanand coastal management concerns.Clean Vessel ActUnder the Clean Vessel Act of 1972 (Pub. L. 102–587;33 U.S.C. §§ 1322 et seq.), the USFWS administers aprogram to issue grants to coastal and inland statesfor pumpout stations and waste reception facilities todispose of recreational boater sewage.D 8A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Clean Water ActCongress enacted the Federal Water PollutionControl Act Amendments of 1972 (Pub. L. 92–500;33 U.S.C. §§ 1251 et seq.), more commonly knownas the Clean Water Act (CWA), to “restore and maintainthe chemical, physical, and biological integrityof the Nation’s waters” in order to support “the protectionand propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlifeand recreation in and on the water.” The CWA,implemented primarily by EPA and amended numeroustimes, employs a number of regulatory and nonregulatorytools to reduce direct pollutant dischargesinto waterways, finance municipal wastewater treatmentfacilities, and manage polluted runoff.See Section 4 (Federal Programs): Descriptions of anumber of CWA programs.Coastal Barrier Resources ActThe Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 (CBRA;Pub. L. 97–348; 16 U.S.C. §§ 3501 et seq.) establishedthe Coastal Barrier Resources System that currentlyconsists of nearly 1.3 million acres of coastalbarrier islands along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts,Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the GreatLakes. USFWS, which administers the program, submitsrecommendations to Congress for new sites;Congress acts to add or exempt sites. The systemseeks to preserve natural resources and minimize theloss of human life and property resulting from poorlylocated coastal barrier development by restricting thedeveloper and property owners from obtaining federalfinancial assistance, such as flood insurance coverageor infrastructure expenditures, with exceptionsfor military and Coast Guard use.Coastal Wetland Planning, Protection,and Restoration ActCongress enacted the Coastal Wetland Planning,Protection and Restoration Act (CWPPRA; Pub. L.101–646; 16 U.S.C. §§ 3951 et seq.), also known asthe Breaux Act after its chief legislative sponsor, in1990 to address wetland loss in coastal statesthrough acquisition, protection, and restoration projects.The CWPPRA is jointly administered by theEPA and USFWS and includes annual funding ofapproximately $50 million for Louisiana andbetween $11 and $15 million awarded through acompetitive grant process for other states.Coastal Zone Management ActCongress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Actof 1972 (CZMA; Pub. L. 92–583; 16 U.S.C. §§ 1451et seq.) to promote the sustainable development ofthe nation’s coasts by encouraging states and territoriesto balance the conservation and development ofcoastal resources using their own managementauthorities. Implemented by NOAA, the CZMA providesfinancial and technical assistance incentives forstates to manage their coastal zones consistent withthe guidelines of the Act. States with federallyapproved programs also receive “federal consistency”authority to require that federal activities affectingtheir coastal zone are consistent with the state’scoastal management program. The CZMA also establishedthe National Estuarine Research ReserveSystem, and is associated with the coastal nonpointpollution control program established under theCoastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments.See: Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization AmendmentsSee Section 4 (Federal Programs): Coastal ZoneManagement Program and National EstuarineResearch Reserve System.Coastal Zone Act ReauthorizationAmendmentsThe Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendmentsof 1990 (CZARA; Pub. L. 106–580; 16 U.S.C.§1455b), enacted as section 6217 of the OmnibusBudget Reconciliation Act of 1990 amending theCoastal Zone Management Act, established theCoastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program toimprove coastal water quality. Jointly administered byNOAA and EPA, the program requires every state witha federally-approved coastal management program toidentify management measures to address nonpointsource pollution of coastal waters. State programsmust include enforceable policies and mechanisms toensure implementation of the measures.See: Coastal Zone Management Act.APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY OF FEDERAL OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED COMMISSIONS, COMMITTEES, COUNCILS, LAWS, AND PROGRAMSD 9
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560: Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563: PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567: One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569: (e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571: Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573: ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576: APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578: growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580: 2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582: almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584: 4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586: Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588: Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590: 5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592: 6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594: 7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596: Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598: Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600: REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601: NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607: SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609: Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623: APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628: APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630: Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631: Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 646 and 647: INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649: federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651: integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653: programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655: coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657: Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659: invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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