An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Box 11.1 Examples of Large-scale Coastal Habitat Restoration EffortsLarge-scale restoration efforts are challenging in a number of ways. First, the success ofthese efforts requires an understanding about how to recreate natural systems and restorehistorical ecosystem functions, a field still in its infancy. Second, these efforts cross politicalboundaries and affect a broad range of human activities, requiring support and intensecoordination among a wide range of governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders.While some restoration projects have been successful, continued progress will depend onsustained funding, government leadership and coordination, scientific research, andstakeholder support.Coastal LouisianaNowhere is the problem of habitat loss more compelling than in coastal Louisiana, whichexperiences about 80 percent of the total annual coastal land loss in the continental UnitedStates. i From 1956 to 2000, an average of 34 square miles of Louisiana’s wetlands disappearedinto the sea every year (Figure 11.1). If this rate of loss continues, an estimated 700 additionalsquare miles of coastal wetlands will be lost over the next fifty years, threatening billions ofdollars worth of resources vital to the state’s—and the nation’s—economic well-being. iiThe devastating losses are the result of a number of converging factors, including bothhuman activities and natural processes. Chief among them are the dams, levees, and channelsdeveloped along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, as well as a network of canals thatprovide access to oil and gas well sites. These projects, which have supported nationallyimportant infrastructure, navigation routes, and energy supplies, have also resulted in a67 percent decrease in the supply of sediments to the coastal area and have disrupted thenatural flow of water that kept the wetlands healthy. iii Sea-level rise, coastal storms,destruction of marsh plants by muskrat and nutria, and the subsidence of the region overgeologic time intensify the problem and put the state’s more than two million coastalresidents at increasing risk.Figure 11.1 Dramatic Coastal Land Loss in LouisianaInsetLand Loss 1932 to 2000Louisiana Coastal Zone BoundaryFrom 1932 to 2000, coastal Louisiana lost 1,900 square miles of land—an area roughly equivalent to the size of Delaware.An additional 700 square miles could potentially be lost over the next fifty years if no new restoration takes place, putting morethan 2 million coastal residents at risk from floods and storms.Source: U.S. Geological Survey. “Without Restoration, Coastal Land Loss to Continue.” News release. (Accessed January 2004). Map Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Lafayette, LA.174 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Restoration efforts have intensified since the passage of the Coastal Wetlands Planning,Protection, and Restoration Act in 1990 (also known as the Breaux Act), which focused nationalattention and significant federal funding on over one hundred conservation and restorationprojects. In 1998, a more comprehensive ecosystem-based plan to restore the natural processesof the region’s coastal wetlands was jointly developed by the state of Louisiana and the federalgovernment. iv Additional studies are underway to determine the feasibility of sustainingLouisiana’s coastal ecosystem.The Florida EvergladesAnother extensive effort to restore a regional ecosystem dramatically altered by humanactivities is taking place in the Florida Everglades, an unparalleled network of mangroves,coastal marshes, seagrass beds, lakes, rivers, estuaries, and bays that once stretched fromOrlando to Florida Bay. A long history of water diversions, flood control projects, andagricultural and urban development in South Florida has reduced the size of the Evergladesby half. v As a result, the region has experienced numerous environmental problems such asnutrient enrichment, threatened or endangered species, pesticide contamination, mercurybuildup in plants and animals, widespread invasion by exotic species, increased algal blooms,seagrass die off, and declines in fishery resources. viIn 1992, Congress authorized a comprehensive review of the potential to restore theEverglades ecosystem. This review resulted in the development of the ComprehensiveEverglades Restoration Plan, the largest such effort ever pursued based on the size of theecosystem and the nearly 200 individual projects being developed to implement the plan. viiMany of these projects involve massive and expensive engineering and construction featsdesigned to restore natural hydrological functions and water quality throughout the entireregion.Despite its immense size and scope, the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Planis only one component of an initiative to restore the southern half of the state and thenearshore waters of Florida. The larger effort is being headed by the South Florida EcosystemTask Force, which is charged with developing a strategy for coordinating hundreds of projectscarried out by several different federal, state, tribal, and local entities, universities, and otherstakeholder groups. The Task Force is made up of senior level officials from seven federalagencies, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, the Miccosukee and Seminoletribes, the South Florida Water Management District, the Florida Governor’s Office, and twolocal governments.i Congressional Research Service. Wetland Issues. Report #IB97014. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2003.ii U.S. Geological Survey. “Without Restoration, Coastal Land Loss to Continue.” News release. Accessed January 2004.iii Ibid.iv Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Task Force and the Wetlands Conservation and RestorationAuthority. Coast 2050: Toward a Sustainable Coastal Louisiana. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Department of NaturalResources, 1998.v Congressional Research Service. South Florida Ecosystem Restoration and the Comprehensive Everglades RestorationPlan. Report #RS20702. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2001.vi McPherson, B.F., and R. Halley. The South Florida Environment: A Region under Stress. USGS Circular 1134.Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.vii U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District and South Florida Water Management District. Central andSouthern Florida Comprehensive Review Study, Final Integrated Feasibility Report and Programmatic EnvironmentalImpact Statement. April 1999.C HAPTER 11: CONSERVING AND R ESTORING C OASTAL H ABITAT 175
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Page 163 and 164: Therefore, the interaction and invo
Page 165 and 166: NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
Page 167 and 168: Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
Page 171 and 172: Bridging the Gap between Scientists
Page 173 and 174: Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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Page 177 and 178: Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
Page 179 and 180: Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
Page 181 and 182: Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
Page 183 and 184: to reach desired outcomes. While fe
Page 187 and 188: PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
Page 189 and 190: Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
Page 191 and 192: state and local decision making, so
Page 193 and 194: • goals—State coastal managemen
Page 195 and 196: Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
Page 197 and 198: forward. An applicant can appeal su
Page 199 and 200: References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
Page 201 and 202: Improving Federal Managementof Haza
Page 203 and 204: Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
Page 205 and 206: Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
Page 207 and 208: that develop excellent mitigation p
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Page 211: PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
Page 215 and 216: Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
Page 217 and 218: Although it has shown some success
Page 219 and 220: Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
Page 221 and 222: Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224: One of the difficulties in undertak
Page 225 and 226: Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
Page 227 and 228: The National Shoreline Management S
Page 230 and 231: CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
Page 232 and 233: Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
Page 234 and 235: Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
Page 236 and 237: Recommendation 13-2Congress should
Page 238 and 239: Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
Page 241 and 242: PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
Page 243 and 244: Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
Page 245 and 246: sources, such as industrial facilit
Page 247 and 248: meet water quality goals. Decisions
Page 249 and 250: Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
Page 251 and 252: nants over land, into streams and g
Page 253 and 254: Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
Page 255 and 256: USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
Page 257 and 258: Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260: Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
Page 261 and 262: assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Recommendation 16-5Congress should
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
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programmatic permitting,312-314prot
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coordination and cooperationin, 100
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Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
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monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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