An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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common heritage of mankind,53deep seabed mining, 53, 54,444, 446economic value, 33management, 368–369Minerals Management Service,113, 124, 181, 199, 246, 260,268, 314, 316, 341, 347, 354,361, 362, 363, 364, 369, 382,383, 389, 390, 424, 431, 477Environmental StudiesProgram, 363–364minorities, education of underrepresentedand underservedgroups, 130, 136, 141–142,145minority–serving institutions, 141Mississippi River Basin, 39, 87,174, 206, 216, 229Mississippi Sound, habitat losses,41, 171MMS (see Minerals ManagementService)monitoring, 89 (see also IntegratedOcean Observing System;national monitoring network;individual programs)atmospheric deposition, 229,230, 232baseline, 230biodiversity, 228climate change, 229, 409coastal margin, 176–177,231–232compliance–related, 213, 294,298conservation and restorationefforts, 177contaminants, 228, 229, 230,232coral ecosystems, 324,327–328costs of, 298effects–based, 233federal programs, 227–230fishery–related, 291, 293–294,298funding, 177, 189, 213, 228,229, 231harmful algal blooms, 228,344–345health–related, 229, 349interagency coordination,230–231invasive species, 260, 262land–cover characteristics,228local efforts, 177, 228marine debris, 266, 268–269needs, 104, 177, 189,231–232nonpoint–source pollution,217, 220, 213, 214, 220, 221offshore, 294, 382pathogens, 344–345, 346priority pollutants, 234sampling protocols, 233satellites, 294, 345, 346, 424sediment, 189, 229ship–based, 423shortcomings in programs,229–230state–based, 229stations and buoy arrays, 424streamflow, 228, 229stressor–based, 233Vessel Monitoring System,293–294visual environments, 229water quality, 165, 177, 213,214, 217, 221, 224, 228, 229,230–231, 233weather, 228Monitoring and Event Responsefor Harmful Algal Blooms,228, 345museums, 35, 125, 136, 143, 144NACOA (see National AdvisoryCommittee on Oceans andAtmosphere)NASA (see National Aeronauticsand Space Administration)National Academy of Sciences, 58,289National Advisory Committee onOceans and Atmosphere, 81,84, 117, 387–388National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, 50, 341, 347,402, 403, 410, 419data collection, 429–431Earth Science Enterprise, 113education programs, 124, 127,128, 132, 140, 142, 220existing ocean and coastalresponsibilities, 78, 112, 114,395hazards–related role, 164mission, 404recommendations, 478National Aquaculture Act, 333,334National Atmospheric DepositionProgram, 229, 230National Coastal Condition Report,204–205National Dredging Team, 84, 188,478National Environmental PolicyAct, 51, 73, 77, 96, 157,286–287, 295, 313, 324, 353,354, 366, 367, 379National Environmental Satellite,Data, and Information Service,110, 118National Estuarine ResearchReserve System, 103–104,153, 155, 156, 171Coastal Training Program,138, 220Graduate Research FellowshipProgram, 140System–wide MonitoringProgram, 228National Estuary Program, 153,156, 171, 229National Flood Insurance Programerosion mapping and rating,167flood hazard mapping,165–167incentives for development,168premiums, 167repetitive–loss payments, 165,167–168National Geographic Society, 132,387National Geophysical Data Center,430, 437National Geospatial–IntelligenceAgency, 199, 389, 390National Historic PreservationAct, 359, 367H 16A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
National Ice Center, 402, 424, 430National Institute ofEnvironmental HealthSciences, 82, 339, 341, 347,348, 477National Institutes of Health, 82,137, 140, 341, 347National Invasive Species Act, 253National Invasive Species Council,84, 254, 259–260National Marine EducatorsAssociation, 125, 132, 136National Marine Fisheries Service,101, 110, 117, 118, 181,267–269, 414, 424Cooperative EnforcementProgram, 292, 414endangered species jurisdiction,309, 311fishery management, 275,276, 278–283, 286, 290–299,366recommendations, 476socioeconomic research,379–380National Marine Sanctuaries Act,323, 325National Marine SanctuaryProgram, 99, 103, 104, 144,153, 155–156, 171, 343, 382national monitoring network (seealso monitoring)coordination of existing programswith, 230–232, 346critical factors tracked in, 227data accessibility and usefulness,230, 234, 434, 435design, 233goals and objectives, 189, 232IOOS linked to, 231–232,234, 327, 328, 346, 347new contaminants, 209, 233,234review and modification,233–234stakeholders, 227technical coordination, 233,347–348user input, 234value, 226–227National Ocean Council (proposed)Committee on OceanResource Management, 83–84,166, 198, 313, 326, 476Committee on Ocean Science,Education, Technology, andOperations, 82–83, 126, 127,375–376, 437, 475composition, 79Ocean.ED, 126–128, 139,160, 475Ocean.IT, 375, 476Ocean.US, 82, 364, 375, 476functions, 79–80interagency team, 313–312International Committee, 302,303, 476recommendations, 475research strategy, 384structure, 129National Ocean EconomicsProject, 31, 382–383national ocean policy, 48–55,60–69 (see also internationalocean policy)accountability in, 63, 197, 473activism and, 51–52consensus for change, 55developing and implementing,63–69enclosure of the oceans, 48exploitation, 48, 53formative years, 48–49fragmentation, 50–51, 52, 55,65, 77–78, 93, 109–110, 112,114, 125, 197framework, 61, 76–118guiding principles, 60–69, 97international cooperation, 53,63, 473post–World War II period,49–50science and, 49–50, 54, 67–68Soviet Union and, 49stewardship ethic, 51Stratton Commission and,50–51, 52, 274USCOP mandate, 55–56vision, 60–61National Ocean ResearchLeadership Council, 82, 126National Ocean Service, 110, 117,118, 382, 414, 435National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration,79, 159, 197, 199, 306aquaculture programs,332–335biotoxin program, 345budget support, 54, 112Bureau of CommercialFisheries, 51coastal management program,153–155, 181coral reef programs, 266, 321,323, 324, 326, 327creation, 50, 55, 115data collection, 139, 164, 364,389, 390, 429–432, 435–435debris research and managementprograms, 266, 267,269, 270defining coastal watershedcounties, 34education role, 124, 127–128,134, 137, 138, 139–140, 141,142, 143, 144, 221, 222endangered species programs,309–315, 317, 318energy resource management,362exploration programs, 388fellowships, 140fishery management, 279,282, 285, 286, 291, 297, 302(see also National MarineFisheries Service)habitat conservation programs,101, 103–104, 153,155–156, 171, 177human health initiatives, 339,341, 345, 347–349, 351international contributions,222invasive species management,253, 255, 258, 259–260line offices, 110 (see also individualoffices)marine protected areas,103–104, 153, 449mission and responsibilities,110 397–398, 431, 449I NDEXH 17
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445:
Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623: APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628: APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630: Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631: Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 646 and 647: INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649: federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651: integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653: programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655: coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657: Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659: invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 662 and 663: monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665: jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667: Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669: single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671: Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672: pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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