An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Recommendation 4–6Congress should establish an Office of Ocean Policy to support the Assistant to the President,the National Ocean Council (NOC), and the President’s Council of Advisors on Ocean Policy.To provide staff support immediately, the President should establish an Office of Ocean Policythrough the executive order creating the NOC and the President’s Council of Advisors onOcean Policy.The Office of Ocean Policy should be:• composed of a small staff that reports to the Assistant to the President.• managed by an executive director responsible for daily staff activities.Recommendation 4–7Congress, working with the National Ocean Council (NOC), should amend the NationalOceanographic Partnership Act to integrate ocean observing, operations, and educationinto its marine research mission. A strengthened and enhanced National Ocean ResearchLeadership Council (NORLC) should be redesignated as the Committee on Ocean Science,Education, Technology, and Operations (COSETO), under the oversight of the NOC.In particular, amendments to the National Oceanographic Partnership Act should specify thatthe newly-named COSETO:• reports to the NOC.• is chaired by the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy to ensureappropriate links to government-wide science and technology policy and equity amongparticipating federal agencies.• includes in its mandate coordination and planning of federal marine facilities and operations,federal oversight of the Integrated Ocean Observing System, and coordination ofocean-related education efforts, in addition to its existing research responsibilities.• includes existing NORLC members plus the director of the National Institute ofEnvironmental Health Sciences at the National Institutes of Health, the assistant secretaryfor Natural Resources and Environment at the Department of Agriculture, and the undersecretaryfor science at the Smithsonian Institution.• subsumes the current tasks of the National Science and Technology Council’s JointSubcommittee on Oceans.• is supported by the Office of Ocean Policy.Recommendation 4–8The National Ocean Council (NOC) should establish a Committee on Ocean ResourceManagement to better integrate the resource management activities of ocean-relatedagencies. This committee should oversee and coordinate the work of existing ocean andcoastal interagency groups and less formal efforts, recommend the creation of new topicaltask forces as needed, and coordinate with government-wide environmental and naturalresource efforts that have important ocean components.The Committee on Ocean Resource Management should:• be chaired by the chair of the Council on Environmental Quality to ensure appropriate linksto government-wide environmental policy and equity among participating federal agencies.• include undersecretaries and assistant secretaries of departments and agencies that aremembers of the NOC.• report to the NOC.• be supported by the Office of Ocean Policy.Recommendation 4–9The National Ocean Council (NOC) should review all existing ocean-related councils and commissionsand make recommendations about their ongoing utility, reporting structure, andconnections to the NOC.482 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional ApproachRecommendation 5–1The National Ocean Council should work with Congress, the President’s Council of Advisorson Ocean Policy, and state, territorial, tribal, and local leaders, including representatives fromthe private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and academia, to develop a flexible andvoluntary process for the creation of regional ocean councils. States, working with relevantstakeholders, should use this process to establish regional ocean councils, with support fromthe National Ocean Council.Recommendation 5–2The President, through an executive order, should direct all federal agencies with ocean- andcoastal-related functions to immediately improve their regional coordination and increasetheir outreach efforts to regional stakeholders.To initiate this process, NOAA, EPA, USACE, DOI, and USDA should:• collaborate with regional, state, territorial, tribal, and local governments, and nongovernmentalparties to identify regional priorities and information needs.• identify inconsistencies in agency mandates, policies, regulations, practices, or fundingthat prevent regional issues from being effectively addressed and communicate these tothe National Ocean Council.• improve coordination and communication among agencies, including the possibledevelopment of interagency protocols to guide regional decision making.• coordinate funding and grants in a manner consistent with regional priorities.Recommendation 5–3The President should form a task force of federal resource management agencies to developa proposal for adoption and implementation of common federal regional boundaries. Thetask force should solicit input from state, territorial, tribal, and local representatives.Recommendation 5–4Pending the creation of a regional ocean council, the governors in each region should selecta suitable entity to operate a regional ocean information program that carries out research,data collection, information product development, and outreach based on the needs andpriorities of ocean and coastal decision makers.The entity assigned to carry out the regional ocean information program should:• include representation from federal agencies, state, territorial, tribal, and local decisionmakers, scientists, as well as experts in information exchange and outreach.• communicate regional research and information priorities to federal agencies and otherswith ocean and coastal responsibilities to help guide their programs.• maintain strong links with the regional ocean observing systems to help them fulfillregional data collection requirements while adhering to national Integrated OceanObserving System requirements.Recommendation 5–5The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA), working with other appropriate federal and regional entities, shouldcoordinate the development of regional ecosystem assessments, to be updated periodically.As part of this process, NOAA and EPA should:• incorporate data and information developed at the state and local levels, includingresource assessments developed by state coastal management programs.• coordinate with the organization responsible for improving regional ocean informationcollection and dissemination activities to make optimum use of regional information.• collaborate closely with regional ocean councils.CHAPTER 31: SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS483
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470: to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472: Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474: • coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476: Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480: PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482: intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484: the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486: Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488: Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490: Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492: International Ocean Science Program
Page 493: Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 498 and 499: Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501: Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503: also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505: Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507: Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508: Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512: • Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514: Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516: Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518: Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519: • expand education and outreach e
Page 523 and 524: Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526: • expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528: Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530: Recommendation 10-2The National Oce
Page 531 and 532: Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534: Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536: Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538: Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540: Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542: • the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544: Recommendation 19-12Congress should
Page 545 and 546: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 549 and 550: Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552: • work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554: • an interagency steering group,
Page 557 and 558: Recommendation 27-4Congress should
Page 559 and 560: Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563: PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567: One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569: (e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
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Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
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Service, 215, 260Economic Research
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pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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