An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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pation of all ocean-related federal agencies in international discussions and negotiations,and taking a leading role in building international capacity in ocean science and management,particularly in developing countries.The United States can advance its own interests and contribute to the health of theworld’s oceans by first ensuring that U.S. domestic policies and actions embody exemplarystandards of wise, sustainable ocean management. The new National Ocean Policy Frameworkwill be instrumental in setting this positive tone for the international community. Manyadditional recommendations for action at the international level are presented throughoutthe report in the context of specific ocean and coastal management issues, such as internationalfisheries, global transportation of air pollutants, trade in corals and other livingmarine resources, the worldwide spread of marine debris, and many others.Implementing a New National Ocean PolicyThere are over 200 recommendations in the Commission’s report, each one calling onspecific responsible parties to spearhead its implementation and be accountable for itsprogress. A large number of recommendations are directed at Congress, the leadership ofthe executive branch, and federal agencies, as shown in Chapter 31.Although the Commission has generally targeted few recommendations specifically atstate or local governments, it recognizes that a significant enhancement of the ocean andcoastal partnership between the federal government and nonfederal governmental andnongovernmental stakeholders is one of the foundations of the new national ocean policy.These entities will have critically important roles to play in the establishment of regionalocean councils, and in areas such as coastal development, water quality, education, naturalhazards planning, fishery management, habitat conservation, and much more. Strong stateparticipation is also needed in the design and implementation of regional ocean observingsystems and their integration into the national IOOS, as well as in other research andmonitoring activities.A Worthwhile InvestmentImplementation of the recommendations in this report will lead to tangible, measurableimprovements in U.S. ocean policy and in the health of our oceans, coasts, and GreatLakes. However, significant change cannot be achieved without adequate investments—oftime, money, and political will. A summary of costs is presented in Chapter 30, and adetailed breakdown of the cost of each recommendation is provided in Appendix G. TheCommission estimates the total additional cost for initiatives outlined in this report atapproximately $1.5 billion in the first year and $3.9 billion per year after full implementation.The payoff from these investments will be substantial for the United States and itscitizens, benefiting our economy, health, environment, quality of life, and security.Long Term Support: The Ocean Policy Trust FundAs noted previously, almost $5 trillion dollars, or one half of the nation’s annual grossdomestic product, is generated each year within coastal watershed counties. That enormouseconomic contribution is now being threatened by the degradation of our oceans,coasts, and Great Lakes. Modest levels of additional funding will reap significant dividendsby supporting management strategies that restore and sustain our ocean and coastalresources and maximize their long-term value.Despite pressing needs, the Commission is mindful of the intense budgetary constraintsthat exist at both federal and state levels—and is sensitive to the hardships associated withunfunded mandates, whether imposed on state governments or federal agencies. To cover24 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Critical Actions Recommended by the U.S. Commission on Ocean PolicyThe following key recommendations provide the foundation for a comprehensive nationalocean policy that will lead to significant improvements in ocean and coastal management.Improved Governance• Establish a National Ocean Council in the Executive Office of the President, chaired by anAssistant to the President.• Create a non-federal President’s Council of Advisors on Ocean Policy.• Improve the federal agency structure by strengthening NOAA and consolidating federalagency programs according to a phased approach.• Develop a flexible, voluntary process for creating regional ocean councils, facilitated andsupported by the National Ocean Council.• Create a coordinated management regime for activities in federal offshore waters.Sound Science for Wise Decisions• Double the nation’s investment in ocean research, launch a new area of ocean exploration,and create the advanced technologies and modern infrastructure needed to support them.• Implement the national Integrated Ocean Observing System and a national monitoringnetwork.Education—A Foundation for the Future• Improve ocean-related education through coordinated and effective formal and informalefforts.Specific Management Challenges• Strengthen coastal and watershed management and the links between them.• Set measurable goals for reducing water pollution, particularly from nonpoint sources,and strengthen incentives, technical assistance, enforcement, and other managementtools to achieve those goals.• Reform fisheries management by separating assessment and allocation, improving theRegional Fishery Management Council system, and exploring the use of dedicated accessprivileges.• Accede to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to remain fully engagedon the international level.Implementation• Establish an Ocean Policy Trust Fund, based on unallocated revenues from offshore oiland gas development and new offshore activities, that is dedicated to supportingimproved ocean and coastal management at federal and state levels.the cost of its recommendations, the Commission believes it is important to identifyappropriate, dedicated sources of revenue. In this regard, the nexus between federal offshoreactivities and the management responsibilities they engender is obvious. Thus, theCommission proposes the creation of an Ocean Policy Trust Fund in the U.S. Treasury,composed of revenues generated from permitted activities in federal waters.The Trust Fund would start out with OCS oil and gas revenues that are not alreadycommitted to the Land and Water Conservation Fund, the National Historic PreservationFund, or to certain coastal states based on oil and gas production in the three nauticalmile area seaward of their submerged lands. After those existing programs are funded inaccordance with law, the remaining OCS monies would be deposited into the Trust Fund.New offshore activities, such as renewable energy, aquaculture, or bioprospecting, mayE XECUTIVE S UMMARY25
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5:
THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
Page 10 and 11:
Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
Page 12 and 13: Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
Page 14 and 15: Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
Page 16 and 17: SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
Page 18 and 19: COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
Page 20 and 21: Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 24 and 25: PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
Page 26 and 27: Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29: Expanding Research and Education ..
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33: Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 34 and 35: LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
Page 36 and 37: LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
Page 38 and 39: PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
Page 40 and 41: The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43: The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45: Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
Page 46 and 47: appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49: Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51: Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
Page 52 and 53: Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
Page 54 and 55: ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57: To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59: liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 64: also produce revenues in time, and
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
Page 70 and 71: Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
Page 72 and 73: Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
Page 76 and 77: Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
Page 78 and 79: chemicals tend to bind to particles
Page 80 and 81: coastal watershed counties grew by
Page 82 and 83: One of the most immediate phenomena
Page 84 and 85: 30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
Page 88 and 89: ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
Page 90 and 91: The legislation was prompted by the
Page 92 and 93: The architects of ocean-related pro
Page 94 and 95: Congress on ocean and coastal issue
Page 96 and 97: Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 100 and 101: USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
Page 102 and 103: Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
Page 104 and 105: damage is also high, managers shoul
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
Page 108 and 109: PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
Page 110 and 111: The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260:
Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313:
CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428:
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452:
This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458:
cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462:
A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468:
Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470:
to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476:
Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480:
PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486:
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492:
International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596:
Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
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Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
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programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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