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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUnited States of AmericaAT THE SECOND SESSIONAN ACTTo establish a Commission on Ocean Policy, and for other purposes.Section 1. Short TitleThis Act may be cited as the “Oceans Act of 2000.”Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of theUnited States of America in Congress assembled,Public Law 106–256, as amendedSection 2. Purpose and ObjectivesThe purpose of this Act is to establish a commission to make recommendations for coordinated andcomprehensive national ocean policy that will promote—(1) the protection of life and property against natural and manmade hazards;(2) responsible stewardship, including use, of fishery resources and other ocean and coastalresources;(3) the protection of the marine environment and prevention of marine pollution;(4) the enhancement of marine-related commerce and transportation, the resolution of conflictsamong users of the marine environment, and the engagement of the private sector in innovativeapproaches for sustainable use of living marine resources and responsible use of nonliving marineresources;(5) the expansion of human knowledge of the marine environment including the role of theoceans in climate and global environmental change and the advancement of education and training infields related to ocean and coastal activities;(6) the continued investment in and development and improvement of the capabilities,performance, use, and efficiency of technologies for use in ocean and coastal activities, includinginvestments and technologies designed to promote national energy and food security;(7) close cooperation among all government agencies and departments and the private sector toensure—(A) coherent and consistent regulation and management of ocean and coastal activities;(B) availability and appropriate allocation of Federal funding, personnel, facilities, andequipment for such activities;(C) cost-effective and efficient operation of Federal departments, agencies, andprograms involved in ocean and coastal activities; and(D) enhancement of partnerships with State and local governments with respect toocean and coastal activities, including the management of ocean and coastal resources andidentification of appropriate opportunities for policy-making and decision-making at the Stateand local level; and(8) the preservation of the role of the United States as a leader in ocean and coastal activities,and, when it is in the national interest, the cooperation by the United States with other nations andinternational organizations in ocean and coastal activities.A 2A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Section 3. Commission on Ocean Policy(a) ESTABLISHMENT—There is hereby established the Commission on Ocean Policy. The FederalAdvisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.), except for sections 3, 7, and 12, does not apply to the Commission.(b) MEMBERSHIP—(1) APPOINTMENT—The Commission shall be composed of 16 members appointed by thePresident from among individuals described in paragraph (2) who are knowledgeable in ocean andcoastal activities, including individuals representing State and local governments, ocean-relatedindustries, academic and technical institutions, and public interest organizations involved withscientific, regulatory, economic, and environmental ocean and coastal activities. The membership of theCommission shall be balanced by area of expertise and balanced geographically to the extent consistentwith maintaining the highest level of expertise on the Commission.(2) NOMINATIONS—The President shall appoint the members of the Commission, within 90days after the effective date of this Act, including individuals nominated as follows:(A) 4 members shall be appointed from a list of 8 individuals who shall be nominatedby the Majority Leader of the Senate in consultation with the Chairman of the SenateCommittee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.(B) 4 members shall be appointed from a list of 8 individuals who shall be nominatedby the Speaker of the House of Representatives in consultation with the Chairmen of the HouseCommittees on Resources, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Science.(C) 2 members shall be appointed from a list of 4 individuals who shall be nominatedby the Minority Leader of the Senate in consultation with the Ranking Member of the SenateCommittee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.(D) 2 members shall be appointed from a list of 4 individuals who shall be nominatedby the Minority Leader of the House in consultation with the Ranking Members of the HouseCommittees on Resources, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Science.(3) CHAIRMAN—The Commission shall select a Chairman from among its members. TheChairman of the Commission shall be responsible for—(A) the assignment of duties and responsibilities among staff personnel and theircontinuing supervision; and(B) the use and expenditure of funds available to the Commission.(4) VACANCIES—Any vacancy on the Commission shall be filled in the same manner as theoriginal incumbent was appointed.(c) RESOURCES—In carrying out its functions under this chapter, the Commission—(1) is authorized to secure directly from any Federal agency or department any information itdeems necessary to carry out its functions under this Act, and each such agency or department isauthorized to cooperate with the Commission and, to the extent permitted by law, to furnish suchinformation (other than information described in section 552(b)(1)(A) of title 5, United States Code) tothe Commission, upon the request of the Commission;(2) may enter into contracts, subject to the availability of appropriations for contracting, andemploy such staff experts and consultants as may be necessary to carry out the duties of theCommission, as provided by section 3109 of title 5, United States Code; and(3) in consultation with the Ocean Studies Board of the National Research Council of theNational Academy of Sciences, shall establish a multidisciplinary science advisory panel of experts inthe sciences of living and nonliving marine resources to assist the Commission in preparing its report,including ensuring that the scientific information considered by the Commission is based on the bestscientific information available.(d) STAFFING—The Chairman of the Commission may, without regard to the civil service laws andregulations, appoint and terminate an Executive Director and such other additional personnel as may benecessary for the Commission to perform its duties. The Executive Director shall be compensated at a rate notto exceed the rate payable for Level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5136 of title 5, United StatesCode. The employment and termination of an Executive Director shall be subject to confirmation by a majorityof the members of the Commission.A PPENDIX A: OCEANS A CT OF 2000 A 3
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516: Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518: Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520: • expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522: Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524: Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526: • expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528: Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530: Recommendation 10-2The National Oce
Page 531 and 532: Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534: Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536: Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538: Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540: Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542: • the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544: Recommendation 19-12Congress should
Page 545 and 546: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 549 and 550: Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552: • work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554: • an interagency steering group,
Page 557 and 558: Recommendation 27-4Congress should
Page 559 and 560: Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563: PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 568 and 569: (e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571: Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573: ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576: APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578: growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580: 2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582: almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584: 4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586: Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588: Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590: 5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592: 6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594: 7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596: Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598: Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600: REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601: NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607: SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609: Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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