An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Table C.6 Private Ocean EconomyOcean Economy Sector1990EstablishmentsEmploymentWages(Millions Current $)Gross StateProduct(Millions Current $)TOTAL 91,203 1,924,014 $38,064 $87,074Construction 2,144 30,198 $937 $1,854Living Resources 5,098 71,819 $1,540 $4,421Minerals 1,829 45,099 $1,860 $15,043Ship & Boat Building 3,192 230,097 $6,564 $9,769Tourism & Recreation 71,958 1,182,809 $13,447 $29,978Transportation 6,982 363,992 $13,716 $26,0082000TOTAL 116,736 2,279,006 $55,704 $117,318Construction 2,064 31,835 $1,364 $2,594Living Resources 4,580 62,184 $1,838 $4,714Minerals 1,984 40,097 $2,432 $15,414Ship & Boat Building 3,684 176,098 $6,952 $8,089Tourism & Recreation 95,850 1,672,156 $27,292 $59,497Transportation 8,572 296,634 $15,826 $27,009Ocean Economy SectorChange 1990-2000EstablishmentsEmploymentNominal Wages(Millions)Nominal GSP(Millions)TOTAL 25,533 354,993 $17,640 $30,244Construction (80) 1,638 $427 $740Living Resources (518) (9,636) $298 $293Minerals 155 (5,002) $572 $371Ship & Boat Building 492 (53,999) $388 -$1,680Tourism & Recreation 23,892 489,346 $13,845 $29,519Transportation 1,590 (67,357) $2,110 $1,001Percent Change 1990-2000TOTAL 28.0% 18.5% 46.3% 34.7%Construction -3.7% 5.4% 45.6% 39.9%Living Resources -10.2% -13.4% 19.3% 6.6%Minerals 8.5% -11.1% 30.8% 2.5%Ship & Boat Building 15.4% -23.5% 5.9% -17.2%Tourism & Recreation 33.2% 41.4% 103.0% 98.5%Transportation 22.8% -18.5% 15.4% 3.8%Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Ocean Economics ProjectC 24A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
REFERENCESApogee Research and Resource EconomicConsultants (2000). The Estimated EconomicValue of Indian River Lagoon. Palm Bay Florida,Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program.Beach, D. (2003). Coastal Sprawl: The Effects ofUrban Design on Aquatic Ecosystems. Arlington,VA, Pew Oceans Commission.Bookman, C. A., T. J. Culliton, et al. (1998). Trendsin U.S. coastal regions 1970–1998:addendum tothe proceedings. Trends and future challenges forU.S. national ocean and coastal policy. SilverSpring, MD, National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration Special Projects Office.Bureau of the Census (2001). Statistical Abstract ofthe United States. Washington DC, U.S. Bureau ofthe Census.Bureau of the Census (2003). Zip Code TabulationAreas.Carson, R. T., R. C. Mitchell, et al. (1992). AContingent Valuation Study of Lost Passive UseValues Resulting from the Exxon Valdez OilSpill. Juneau, AK, Attorney General of the Stateof Alaska.Cesar, H., P. v. Beukering, et al. (2002). EconomicValuation of the Coral Reefs of Hawaii. Arnhem,Netherlands.Colgan, C. S. (2003). Methodological Notes forEstimating the Ocean and Coastal Economy,National Ocean Economics Project.Colgan, C. S. and J. Plumstead (1993).Economic Prospects for the Gulf of Maine.Augusta, ME, Gulf of Maine Council on theMarine Environment.Commission on Marine Science Engineering andResources (1969). Our Nation and the Sea:A Plan for National Action. Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office.Hanneman, M. (2001). The Economic Value of BeachRecreation in Southern California. Berkeley, CA.,University of California at Berkeley.Innis, H. (1940). The cod fisheries : the history of aninternational economy. New Haven, Conn, YaleUniversity Press.Larrabee, B. W., W. M. Fowler, et al. (1998).American and the sea: A maritime history. Mystic,Conn, Mystic Seaport.Luger, M. (1991). “The Economic Value of theCoastal Zone.” Environmental Systems 21(4):278–301.Moller, R. and J. Fitz (1997). California’s OceanResources: An Agenda for the Future.Sacramento CA, California Resources Agency.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(2001). Spatial Patterns of Socioeconomic Datafrom 1970–2000: A national research datasetaggregated by watershed and political boundaries.Silver Spring, MD, NOAA.Pontecorvo, G., M. Wilkinson, et al. (1980).“Contribution of of the Ocean Sector to theU.S. Economy.” Science 208(30): 1000–1006.Rappaport, J. and J. D. Sachs (2001). The U.S. asa Coastal Nation. Kansas City, MO.,Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City: 35.Sohngen, B., F. Lichtkoppler, et al. (1999).The Value of Lake Erie Beaches. Columbus Ohio,Ohio State University Sea Grant Program.A PPENDIX C: LIVING N EAR… AND M AKING A LIVING F ROM…THE N ATION’ S C OASTS AND O CEANS C 25
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548: Recommendation 20-7The National Oce
Page 549 and 550: Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552: • work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554: • an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556: Recommendation 26-6The National Oce
Page 557 and 558: Recommendation 27-4Congress should
Page 559 and 560: Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563: PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567: One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569: (e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571: Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573: ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576: APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578: growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580: 2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582: almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584: 4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586: Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588: Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590: 5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592: 6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594: 7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596: Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597: Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 601: NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607: SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609: Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623: APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628: APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630: Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631: Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 646 and 647: INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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