An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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Figure 17.1 Great Lakes States Take Lead in ImplementingAquatic Invasive Species Management PlansSt. Croix Natural Scenic RiverwayInterstate Management PlanLake Champlain BasinInterstate Management Plan■ States with approved plans■ States with plans underdevelopment■ States without plans● Interstate plansAlaska Hawaii Puerto RicoThe Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force encourages states to develop management plans fordetecting and monitoring aquatic invasive species, educating the public, and encouragingcollaborative mitigation efforts. Of the fourteen states that currently have plans approved by theTask Force, six border the Great Lakes. And while other coastal states such as California, Texas,Louisiana, and Florida are developing plans, the majority of East Coast states are not currentlypursuing aquatic nuisance species management plans.Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, VA.Guard has established regulations and guidelines to address introductions of non-nativespecies through the uptake and discharge of ballast water from ships.Resource allocation for managing invasive species varies widely among federal, state,and local agencies. While NANPCA authorizes federal funding to help states implementtheir approved Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plans, the appropriation has historicallybeen substantially less than the authorization and has not been effective in motivatingstates to complete management plans. Since 1996, when this provision was includedin NANPCA, only fourteen states have established plans (Figure 17.1).NANPCA also encourages the formation of regional panels, which operate undergoals outlined in the Act. The panels develop priorities and working groups to exploreinvasive species issues applicable to their areas and make recommendations for regionalaction. Six regional panels have been established (Figure 17.2).The National Invasive Species Council, consisting of ten federal departments andagencies, was established by executive order in February 1999 to provide national leadershipon managing terrestrial and aquatic invasive species. In 2001, the Council produceda management plan with significant input from a nonfederal advisory committee. 7The Lacey Act allows the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) to regulate the importationof animals found to be injurious to wildlife. However, the Act is more often used to254 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Invasive Species RegionallyWestern (est. 1997) Great Lakes (est. 1991)Northeast(est. 2001)Mid-Atlantic(est. 2003)Gulf of Mexico (est. 1999)Mississippi River Basin (est. 2002)Created under the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, six overlapping regional panels workto limit the introduction, spread, and impacts of aquatic invasive species in their waters.Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, VA.respond to an existing invasive species problem than to promote proactive approaches forpreventing their introduction.The Plant Protection Act and animal quarantine laws authorize the USDA’s Animaland Plant Health Inspection Service to prohibit certain plants and animals from enteringthe United States, and to require inspection, treatment, quarantine, or other mitigationmeasures. The Service can pre-clear shipments of certain organisms by requiring inspectionand quarantine in the country of origin.State and Federal ProgramsNOAA’s National Sea Grant College Program, in cooperation with USFWS and the AquaticNuisance Species Task Force, coordinates and funds aquatic invasive species research, outreach,and education, and administers a research and development program in ballastwater management technology. Other NOAA programs address shellfish diseases andthreats to essential fish habitat, including the control and removal of invasive species.The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has several programs that addressthe interactions between invasive species and federal navigation routes, including theC HAPTER 17: PREVENTING THE S PREAD OF I NVASIVE S PECIES255
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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Page 243 and 244: Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
Page 245 and 246: sources, such as industrial facilit
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Page 249 and 250: Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
Page 251 and 252: nants over land, into streams and g
Page 253 and 254: Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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Page 257 and 258: Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260: Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
Page 261 and 262: assisting in the implementation of
Page 263 and 264: References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
Page 265 and 266: Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
Page 267 and 268: EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
Page 269 and 270: local, and municipal governments, w
Page 271 and 272: System DesignSampling protocols are
Page 273 and 274: Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
Page 275 and 276: and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
Page 277 and 278: Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280: Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282: Recommendation 16-5Congress should
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Page 285 and 286: Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
Page 287 and 288: developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290: 25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
Page 291: Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
Page 295 and 296: Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
Page 297 and 298: Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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Page 301 and 302: 10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
Page 303 and 304: each in the entire world. 3 A study
Page 305 and 306: Research Program), directed by NOAA
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Page 309: References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313: CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
Page 314 and 315: Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
Page 316 and 317: While determining allowable biologi
Page 318 and 319: Although the Secretary of Commerce
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Page 322 and 323: Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
Page 324 and 325: majority of RFMC members, may tend
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Page 328 and 329: Recommendation 19-15Congress should
Page 330 and 331: NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
Page 332 and 333: The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
Page 334 and 335: Ecosystem-based management will als
Page 336 and 337: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339: • Major government subsidies aime
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
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Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
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monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
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single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
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pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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