An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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PART IO UR O CEANS:A N ATIONAL A SSETCHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETS AND CHALLENGES ........................................30CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PAST TO SHAPEA NEW NATIONAL OCEAN POLICY..........................................................................48CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIGHTS ...............................................................................60
Page 3 and 4:
FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5:
THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
Page 10 and 11:
Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
Page 14 and 15: Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
Page 16 and 17: SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
Page 18 and 19: COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
Page 20 and 21: Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 24 and 25: PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
Page 26 and 27: Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29: Expanding Research and Education ..
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33: Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 34 and 35: LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
Page 36 and 37: LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
Page 38 and 39: PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
Page 40 and 41: The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43: The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45: Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
Page 46 and 47: appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49: Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51: Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
Page 52 and 53: Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
Page 54 and 55: ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57: To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59: liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 62 and 63: pation of all ocean-related federal
Page 64: also produce revenues in time, and
Page 69 and 70: than the combined land area of all
Page 71 and 72: Worldwide, fish are even more impor
Page 73 and 74: that copies the molecular structure
Page 75 and 76: Life Support and Climate ControlThe
Page 77 and 78: Excess NutrientsThe oversupply of n
Page 79 and 80: The nation is also losing thousands
Page 81 and 82: Figure 1.5 Population Density Peaks
Page 83 and 84: References1 U.S. Department of Tran
Page 85 and 86: 57 Bookman, C.A., T.J. Culliton, an
Page 87 and 88: drama has played out. The United St
Page 89 and 90: Maritime Administration remained se
Page 91 and 92: Contention and StalemateThe 1981 in
Page 93 and 94: Consensus for ChangeSince the publi
Page 95 and 96: Box 2.1 Public Meetings of the U.S.
Page 97 and 98: Other Sources of InformationThrough
Page 99 and 100: public access, vibrant economies, s
Page 101 and 102: • Accountability: Decision makers
Page 103 and 104: Finally, ecosystem-based management
Page 105 and 106: economic, and even cultural perspec
Page 107 and 108: Testing results suggest that, after
Page 109 and 110: Figure P.1 Lines of U.S. Authority
Page 111: Box P.1 Acknowledging Change: The N
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER 4ENHANCING OCEAN LEADERSHIP
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Figure 4.1 Ocean and Coastal Activi
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• develop and support partnership
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Recommendation 4-6Congress should e
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esource management decisions and po
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CHAPTER 5ADVANCING AREGIONAL APPROA
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Box 5.1 Regional Approaches at Work
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Nature and Functions of Regional Oc
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Enhancing Federal Support for a Reg
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Figure 5.1 Alignment of Federal Reg
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Developing Regional Ecosystem Asses
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erable public opposition to certain
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Box 6.1 Swimming through Hoops: Est
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fairness and efficiency argue for a
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NOAA Photo LibraryThis giant kelp f
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CHAPTER 7STRENGTHENING THEFEDERAL A
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The complexity of the current polic
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tendency to duplicate similar exper
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Nevertheless, during the 1970 reorg
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Table 7.1 Thirty Years of Proposals
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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CHAPTER 8PROMOTING LIFELONGOCEAN ED
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Crosscutting ThemesWhile this chapt
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The coordination activities describ
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Education and Sustainable Developme
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each specialists to study marine an
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Nonetheless, while the NSES do not
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Box 8.2 COOL Professional Developme
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Engaging Underrepresented and Under
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Recommendation 8-10The National Oce
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ences beyond the research arena. St
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Box 8.6 NOAA’s National Marine Sa
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References1 Belden, Russonello, & S
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CHAPTER 9MANAGING COASTS ANDTHEIR W
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The pattern of coastal growth—oft
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Box 9.3 What Is a Coastal Watershed
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nated, representing a variety of oc
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Box 9.4 Balancing Federal Ocean Act
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consolidated into a central reposit
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CHAPTER 10GUARDING PEOPLE AND PROPE
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Box 10.1 Hurricanes Wreak Havoc Alo
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spurred Congress to provide substan
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The federal governmentshould elimin
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CHAPTER 11CONSERVING AND RESTORINGC
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acquisition and easements are often
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Box 11.1 Examples of Large-scale Co
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step. There remains, however, a nee
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Protecting the Nation’s Wetlands:
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CHAPTER 12MANAGING SEDIMENTAND SHOR
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Figure 12.1 Dams Impede SedimentDes
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Developing Regional Strategies for
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of sediment (300 by USACE and anoth
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Long-term planning efforts for mana
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health of coastal areas. To be succ
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Table 13.1 The Leading Role of the
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Figure 13.2 Goods Traveling through
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coasts. One issue that may have spe
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Box 13.1 Federal Members of the Int
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tions. Similarly, in September 2003
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CHAPTER 14ADDRESSING COASTALWATER P
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Figure 14.2 Land-based NutrientsCan
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Figure 14.3 Changes in Funding for
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when total water volumes exceed the
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almost $1 billion per year required
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National Nonpoint Source Pollution
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Box 14.2 The Impact of Farm Nutrien
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impacts; and state and local govern
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Clean Air Act. In other words, the
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Collaboration at the Watershed Scal
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The federal government is taking so
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CHAPTER 15CREATING A NATIONALMONITO
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pling design and intensity, paramet
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Figure 15.1 Watershed Monitoring Ha
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that affect watershed, estuarine, a
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Box 15.2 Keeping Up With New Contam
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CHAPTER 16LIMITING VESSEL POLLUTION
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ment plans, the evidence of continu
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Port State ControlNations have the
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Figure 16.1 Most Cruise Ship Travel
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Recommendation 16-7The U.S. Environ
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Prior to recent international actio
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state, and port levels; resolving f
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coastal activities. Close coordinat
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CHAPTER 17PREVENTING THE SPREADOF I
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Figure 17.1 Great Lakes States Take
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Aquatic Plant Control Program, the
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Investments in new treatment techno
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• conduct a comprehensive nationa
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Recommendation 17-7The United State
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CHAPTER 18REDUCING MARINE DEBRISThe
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Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
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tional materials on marine debris t
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Box 18.1 Abandoned Fishing Nets Cat
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PART VIOCEAN VALUE AND VITALITY:E N
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the expansion of U.S. fishing capab
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The Magnuson-Stevens Act requires e
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Recommendation 19-4The National Mar
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The lists of RFMC information needs
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Although the background and recomme
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confusion for fishermen and the pub
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Environmental Policy Act, the Admin
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Box 19.1 Dedicated Access Privilege
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Recommendation 19-16Congress should
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levels, the degree of cooperation i
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legal action. Enforcement difficult
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nomic costs to the fishermen and co
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a significant impact on survival of
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In addition to global and multilate
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Recommendation 19-27The National Oc
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CHAPTER 20PROTECTING MARINEMAMMALS
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NOAA Photo LibraryOverall, the larg
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successfully prevented species from
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The MMPA prohibits the taking or im
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Foundation, U.S. Army Corps of Engi
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and behavioral problems will arise
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ment data, make it difficult to eva
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CHAPTER 21PRESERVING CORAL REEFS AN
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coral reefs in the Florida Keys alo
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NOAA, Damage Assessment and Restora
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Recommendation 21-2As part of the n
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Recommendation 21-5The U.S. Coral R
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Figure 22.1 The United States Impor
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Administration, the U.S. Army Corps
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• include the development of a si
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CHAPTER 23CONNECTING THE OCEANSAND
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The oceans are thelast great fronti
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Table 23.1 The Bounty of the SeaThi
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Harmful Algal BloomsThe term harmfu
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Marine Bacteria and VirusesBacteria
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• developing in situ and space-ba
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indicator species does not provide
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CHAPTER 24MANAGING OFFSHORE ENERGYA
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Congress responded to this debate b
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Figure 24.2 A “Process Rich” bu
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Box 24.1 Offshore Liquefied Natural
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For decades, Congress has debated p
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Box 24.2 The Federal Consistency Pr
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Recommendation 24-2The U.S. Departm
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Conversely, there is no comprehensi
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1970s to the early 1990s that produ
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5 Richardson, G.E., et al. Deepwate
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CHAPTER 25CREATING A NATIONALSTRATE
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Figure 25.1 Proposed Structure for
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It is time for the United States to
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Box 25.1 Examples of Ocean and Coas
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ing enactment of the 1976 Magnuson-
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Coastal communitiesdepend on health
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typical. This type of funding is us
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acceptable progress. In response, t
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task of repeating surveys of the sa
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OTA occupied a unique role among th
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and technological capacity to devel
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Steps of a U.S. Plan (2000). The se
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nies, nongovernmental organizations
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Table 26.1 Proposed Core Variables
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Another gap is in the development o
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IOOS. The differences in missions a
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Strengthening Earth Observations th
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CHAPTER 27ENHANCING OCEANINFRASTRUC
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Maximizing Resources through Collab
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improve the prospects for resource
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Dramatic advances insubmergence veh
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The Ocean Observatories InitiativeI
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(MMS), and EPA, and indirect help w
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• The USGS Coastal and Marine Geo
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Creating Virtual Marine Technology
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CHAPTER 28MODERNIZING OCEAN DATAAND
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Table 28.1 National Civilian and Mi
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Coping with the Flood of Incoming D
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type of education was wholly inadeq
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Interactions between private compan
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Recommendation 28-5The U.S. Navy sh
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CHAPTER 29ADVANCING INTERNATIONALOC
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Guiding PrinciplesThe guiding princ
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Table 29.1 U.S. Participation in In
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Commission, International Maritime
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• Seamounts. Worldwide concerns h
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U.S. Scientific Activities AbroadIn
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PART IXMOVING AHEAD:IMPLEMENTING A
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coastal management: “NOAA should
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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dination among federal agencies (Re
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ally over the next five years. Chap
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Under the new ocean policy framewor
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coastal resource treaty rights. A l
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CHAPTER 31SUMMARY OFRECOMMENDATIONS
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• creation of regional ocean coun
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Office on Ocean Observing (Ocean.US
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Environmental Protection AgencyReco
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Complete List of Recommendations in
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Recommendation 4-6Congress should e
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Recommendation 5-6The Council on En
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Chapter 8: Promoting Lifelong Ocean
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• performance measures—State co
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Recommendation 11-2The regional oce
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• an overall system design that d
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Recommendation 16-14In developing a
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Chapter 18: Reducing Marine DebrisR
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Recommendation 19-7The Regional Fis
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Chapter 21: Preserving Coral Reefs
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Chapter 23: Connecting the Oceans a
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• establish and maintain a single
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 29-8The United State
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APPENDIX AO CEANS A CT OF 2000
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Section 3. Commission on Ocean Poli
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(H) Recommendations for any modific
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APPENDIX BA CRONYMS A PPEARINGIN TH
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MARPOLMEDEAMERHABMERPMLAMMCMMPAMMSM
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMore than thirty y
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1. INTRODUCTIONAconstant theme in d
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3. TRENDS IN POPULATION AND HOUSING
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ties. From 1970-2000, the number of
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Major conclusions from Table C.5 in
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Figure C.6 Composition of the Priva
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growth in wages and output, while g
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The value of beach recreation Beach
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of freight. Expansions and improvem
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of a network among these and other
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Table C.3 Population in Coastal Tie
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Table C.6 Private Ocean EconomyOcea
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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APPENDIX DG LOSSARY OF F EDERALO CE
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Oceans Act of 2000 ................
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SECTION 2OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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National Invasive Species CouncilNa
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Clean Water ActCongress enacted the
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Farm Bill 1985—Food Security ActT
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National Oceanographic Partnership
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SECTION 4OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Clean Water Act—Total Maximum Dai
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National Park SystemThe National Pa
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Proposed Structure for Coordination
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CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ANDSUBCOMM
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• Subcommittee on Forestry, Conse
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APPENDIX GD ETAILED C OSTS A SSOCIA
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 645 and 646:
I NDEX
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ecosystem-based management,62, 66-6
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Convention on the Conservationand M
Page 651 and 652:
value of oceans, 30-36ecosystem ass
Page 653 and 654:
erosion, 40, 182beaches, 42, 44, 16
Page 655 and 656:
coral ecosystem effects, 44,320, 32
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oil, 236, 246, 362-363science and t
Page 659 and 660:
Magnuson-Stevens FisheryConservatio
Page 661 and 662:
National Ice Center, 402, 424, 430N
Page 663 and 664:
dredging, 181, 183, 185-186,187, 19
Page 665 and 666:
in marine transportation,192-193, 2
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evenues from resources, 33,102-103,
Page 669 and 670:
treaty/treaties (see also agreement
Page 671 and 672:
oceanographic research,49-50, 375,
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