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ment data, make it difficult to evaluate population abundance and trends, isolate causes ofmortality, or distinguish management successes from failures.The listing of several salmon species as endangered and threatened highlights boththe promise of an ecosystem-based management approach and the difficulties in achievingit. The threat of large-scale economic disruptions in the Pacific Northwest has led manystate, local, and tribal entities to push for a more collaborative, ecosystem-based managementapproach to avoid severe federal sanctions under the ESA. However, initial resultsindicate that the federal government needs to do a better job of supporting and encouragingsuch efforts. The enhancement of such ecosystem-based, regional approaches is discussedin Chapter 5.International CoordinationExpanding the concept of ecosystem-based management to its logical conclusion willrequire attention to impacts that occur beyond U.S. waters. For many of the marinespecies discussed in this chapter, the ecosystem in which they live encompasses the highseas and the waters of many other countries. In order to address impacts to these speciesthroughout their ecosystem, the United States will need to use international agreementsand other diplomatic means to strengthen protections for species beyond U.S. waters.For example, sea turtles are truly members of the global commons and their recoverywill require action on a global scale. Reversing the impacts of human predation on nestingturtles and their eggs will take long-term concerted international efforts by the UnitedStates and other nations. The United States can use ecosystem-based regional and multinationalagreements, including technical and financial assistance, to promote internationalsea turtle conservation activities.The development of bycatch reduction methods for U.S. fishermen should be complementedby efforts to persuade foreign fishermen to implement similar methods. This comprehensiveapproach makes sense from a conservation perspective and creates a morelevel playing field for U.S. and foreign fishermen.Recommendation 20–10The U.S. Department of State, working with the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration and the U.S. Department of the Interior, should continue to actively pursueefforts to reduce the impacts of human activities on marine species at risk in foreign andinternational waters.References1 World Wildlife Fund. Reducing Global Cetacean Bycatch: A Call to Action. Washington, DC, 2002.2 Jensen, A.S., and G.K. Silber. Large Whale Ship Strike Database. Technical Memorandum NMFS–F/OPR– 25. SilverSpring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2003.3 Lewison, R.L, S.A. Freeman, and L.B. Crowder.“Quantifying the Effects of Fisheries on Threatened Species: The Impactof Pelagic Longlines on Loggerhead and Leatherback Sea Turtles.” Ecology Letters 7 (2004): 221–231.4 National Academy Press. Decline of the Sea Turtles: Causes and Prevention. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.5 Crouse, D.T., L.B. Crowder, and H. Caswell. “A Stage-Based Population Model for Loggerhead Sea Turtles andImplications for Conservation.” Ecology 68 (1987):1412–1423.6 Spotila, J.R., et al. “Pacific Leatherback Turtles Face Extinction.” Nature 405 (2000): 529–30.7 Lewison, R.L, S.A. Freeman, and L.B. Crowder. “Quantifying the Effects of Fisheries on Threatened Species: The Impactof Pelagic Longlines on Loggerhead and Leatherback Sea Turtles.” Ecology Letters 7 (2004): 221–231.8 National Marine Fisheries Service. “Major Threats and Impacts to Pacific Salmonids.” Accessed July 13, 2004.318 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Second International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Albatrosses and OtherPetrels, Honolulu, Hawaii, 8–12 May 2000. Abstracts of Oral and Poster Presentations. Marine Ornithology 28 (2000):125–52.10 Marine Mammal Commission. Annual Report to Congress. Washington, DC, 2002.11 Czech, B., and P.R. Krausman. “Public Opinion on Species and Endangered Species Conservation.” Endangered SpeciesUpdate 14, nos. 5 and 6 (1997): 7–10.12 National Research Council. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995.13 U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. 92nd Cong. S. Rept. 92–863.14 U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. 92nd Cong. H. Rept. 92–707.15 National Research Council. Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound, Progress Since 1994. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 2000.16 Ibid.17 Spradlin, T.R., et al. ”Interactions between the Public and Wild Dolphins in the United States: Biological Concerns andthe Marine Mammal Protection Act.” Presented at the 13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.Maui, HI, November 1999.C HAPTER 20: PROTECTING M ARINE M AMMALS AND E NDANGERED M ARINE S PECIES319
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
Page 305 and 306: Research Program), directed by NOAA
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Page 309: References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313: CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
Page 314 and 315: Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
Page 316 and 317: While determining allowable biologi
Page 318 and 319: Although the Secretary of Commerce
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Page 322 and 323: Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
Page 324 and 325: majority of RFMC members, may tend
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Page 328 and 329: Recommendation 19-15Congress should
Page 330 and 331: NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
Page 332 and 333: The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
Page 334 and 335: Ecosystem-based management will als
Page 336 and 337: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339: • Major government subsidies aime
Page 340 and 341: oad regions of the seas, the existi
Page 342: References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
Page 345 and 346: fishing line because they are not a
Page 347 and 348: Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
Page 349 and 350: The division of endangered species
Page 351 and 352: PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
Page 353 and 354: Although not always caused by human
Page 355: Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 359 and 360: Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
Page 361 and 362: appear to be exacerbating other cor
Page 363 and 364: task force are the U.S. Department
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Page 368 and 369: CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371: which are widespread in European sa
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Page 374: Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380: Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382: Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
Page 383 and 384: Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 385 and 386: waters used for drinking and public
Page 387 and 388: The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
Page 391 and 392: over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394: Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396: Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400: State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404: The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406: Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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