An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC GROWTH ANDRESOURCE CONSERVATION ALONG THE COASTCHAPTER 9MANAGING COASTS AND THEIR WATERSHEDS .............................................150Attracting Crowds, Creating Opportunities .........................................................................150Implications of Growth ....................................................................................................150Strengthening Coastal Planning and Management..............................................................152Multi-layered Decision Making.......................................................................................152Federal Area-based Coastal Programs ............................................................................153Other Relevant Federal Programs...................................................................................157Linking Coastal and Watershed Management......................................................................157Linking Coastal and Offshore Management .........................................................................160Increasing Understanding of Coastal Ecosystems ...............................................................160CHAPTER 10GUARDING PEOPLE AND PROPERTY AGAINSTNATURAL HAZARDS ........................................................................................................162Assessing the Growing Cost of Natural Hazards .................................................................162Improving Federal Management of Hazards in Coastal Areas ...........................................163Changing Inappropriate Federal Incentives ..................................................................163Improving Understanding ...............................................................................................164The National Flood Insurance Program ........................................................................166Hazard Mitigation Planning.............................................................................................168CHAPTER 11CONSERVING AND RESTORING COASTAL HABITAT ....................................170Assessing the Threats to Coastal Habitat ..............................................................................170Conserving Coastal Habitat ....................................................................................................171Habitat Conservation Programs ......................................................................................171Restoring Coastal Habitat .......................................................................................................172Improving Habitat Conservation and Restoration...............................................................176Enhancing Information and Understanding.........................................................................176Protecting the Nation’s Wetlands: A Special Case................................................................178CHAPTER 12MANAGING SEDIMENT AND SHORELINES .........................................................180Understanding the Dual Nature of Sediment .......................................................................180Reviewing Federal Roles in Sediment Management............................................................181Altering Sediments through Human Intervention...............................................................182Changing Sediment Quantities .......................................................................................182Changing Sediment Quality ............................................................................................183Developing Regional Strategies for Sediment Management ...............................................184Moving Toward Regional Sediment Management at USACE ......................................185Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Dredging......................................................................185Navigational Dredging .....................................................................................................185Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material ...............................................................................187xxiiA N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Techniques of Cost-Benefit Analysis ..............................................................................187National and Regional Dredging Teams.........................................................................187Improving Understanding, Assessment, and Treatment .....................................................188Coordinated Strategy Needed..........................................................................................188Contaminated Sediment...................................................................................................189CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION ....................192Connecting People, Places, and Products.............................................................................192Value of the Marine Transportation System ..................................................................192Components of the Marine Transportation System......................................................193Positioning the U.S. Marine Transportation System for the Future ..................................196Federal Roles .....................................................................................................................197Links to the National Transportation Infrastructure....................................................198Information Needs ............................................................................................................199Emergency Preparedness .................................................................................................200PART VCLEAR WATERS AHEAD:COASTAL AND OCEAN WATER QUALITYCHAPTER 14ADDRESSING COASTAL WATER POLLUTION....................................................204Stopping the Degradation of Coastal Waters........................................................................204Reducing Point Sources of Pollution .....................................................................................205Existing Management Tools.............................................................................................207Major Point Sources..........................................................................................................208Improving the Control of Point Sources ........................................................................211Increasing the Focus on Nonpoint Sources of Pollution ....................................................212Existing Management Tools.............................................................................................213Major Nonpoint Sources ..................................................................................................215Improving the Control of Nonpoint Sources ................................................................217Collaboration at the Watershed Scale ............................................................................222International Efforts .........................................................................................................222Addressing Atmospheric Sources of Pollution .....................................................................223Improving Control of Atmospheric Sources..................................................................223CHAPTER 15CREATING A NATIONAL MONITORING NETWORK.......................................226Recognizing the Value of Monitoring....................................................................................226Monitoring at the Federal Level.............................................................................................227Federal Programs ..............................................................................................................228Shortcomings in Federal Programs.................................................................................229Promoting Interagency Coordination....................................................................................230Ensuring Comprehensive, Coordinated Coverage ..............................................................231Creating an Effective Monitoring Network ..........................................................................232System Goals and Objectives...........................................................................................232System Design ...................................................................................................................233Technical Coordination....................................................................................................233xxiii
Page 3 and 4: FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5: THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
Page 10 and 11: Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
Page 12 and 13: Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
Page 14 and 15: Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
Page 16 and 17: SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
Page 18 and 19: COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
Page 20 and 21: Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 26 and 27: Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29: Expanding Research and Education ..
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33: Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 34 and 35: LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
Page 36 and 37: LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
Page 38 and 39: PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
Page 40 and 41: The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43: The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45: Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
Page 46 and 47: appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49: Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51: Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
Page 52 and 53: Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
Page 54 and 55: ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57: To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59: liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 62 and 63: pation of all ocean-related federal
Page 64: also produce revenues in time, and
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
Page 70 and 71: Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
Page 72 and 73: Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
Page 76 and 77:
Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
Page 78 and 79:
chemicals tend to bind to particles
Page 80 and 81:
coastal watershed counties grew by
Page 82 and 83:
One of the most immediate phenomena
Page 84 and 85:
30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
Page 86 and 87:
CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
Page 88 and 89:
ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
Page 90 and 91:
The legislation was prompted by the
Page 92 and 93:
The architects of ocean-related pro
Page 94 and 95:
Congress on ocean and coastal issue
Page 96 and 97:
Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 100 and 101:
USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
Page 106 and 107:
Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
Page 108 and 109:
PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
Page 110 and 111:
The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
Page 113 and 114:
PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
Page 115 and 116:
Government agencies work on these a
Page 117 and 118:
Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
Page 119 and 120:
• reach out to state, territorial
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
Page 123 and 124:
References1 National Research Counc
Page 125 and 126:
significant initiative by federal a
Page 127 and 128:
The California Bay-Delta Authority
Page 129 and 130:
Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
Page 131 and 132:
Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
Page 133 and 134:
data collection efforts are essenti
Page 136 and 137:
CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
Page 138 and 139:
nisms for managing new ocean uses.
Page 140 and 141:
sure that disputes are resolved and
Page 142 and 143:
Reserve System, which is made up of
Page 144:
Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
Page 147 and 148:
Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
Page 149 and 150:
Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
Page 151 and 152:
Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
Page 153 and 154:
Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
Page 155 and 156:
Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
Page 159 and 160:
PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
Page 161 and 162:
Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
Page 163 and 164:
Therefore, the interaction and invo
Page 165 and 166:
NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
Page 167 and 168:
Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
Page 171 and 172:
Bridging the Gap between Scientists
Page 173 and 174:
Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
Page 175 and 176:
creativity that has expanded our un
Page 177 and 178:
Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
Page 179 and 180:
Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
Page 181 and 182:
Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
Page 183 and 184:
to reach desired outcomes. While fe
Page 187 and 188:
PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
Page 189 and 190:
Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
Page 191 and 192:
state and local decision making, so
Page 193 and 194:
• goals—State coastal managemen
Page 195 and 196:
Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
Page 197 and 198:
forward. An applicant can appeal su
Page 199 and 200:
References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
Page 201 and 202:
Improving Federal Managementof Haza
Page 203 and 204:
Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
Page 205 and 206:
Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
Page 207 and 208:
that develop excellent mitigation p
Page 209 and 210:
tal and human disturbances such as
Page 211 and 212:
PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
Page 213 and 214:
Restoration efforts have intensifie
Page 215 and 216:
Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
Page 217 and 218:
Although it has shown some success
Page 219 and 220:
Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
Page 221 and 222:
Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224:
One of the difficulties in undertak
Page 225 and 226:
Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
Page 227 and 228:
The National Shoreline Management S
Page 230 and 231:
CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
Page 232 and 233:
Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
Page 234 and 235:
Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
Page 236 and 237:
Recommendation 13-2Congress should
Page 238 and 239:
Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
Page 241 and 242:
PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
Page 245 and 246:
sources, such as industrial facilit
Page 247 and 248:
meet water quality goals. Decisions
Page 249 and 250:
Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
Page 251 and 252:
nants over land, into streams and g
Page 253 and 254:
Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
Page 255 and 256:
USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
Page 257 and 258:
Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260:
Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
Page 261 and 262:
assisting in the implementation of
Page 263 and 264:
References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
Page 265 and 266:
Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
Page 269 and 270:
local, and municipal governments, w
Page 271 and 272:
System DesignSampling protocols are
Page 273 and 274:
Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
Page 275 and 276:
and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
Page 277 and 278:
Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280:
Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Voluntary actions can provide a use
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
Page 287 and 288:
developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290:
25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
Page 291 and 292:
Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
Page 295 and 296:
Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
Page 297 and 298:
Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
Page 299 and 300:
tant for ballast water, coordinated
Page 301 and 302:
10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
Page 303 and 304:
each in the entire world. 3 A study
Page 305 and 306:
Research Program), directed by NOAA
Page 307 and 308:
established simply on the basis of
Page 309:
References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313:
CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
Page 314 and 315:
Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
Page 316 and 317:
While determining allowable biologi
Page 318 and 319:
Although the Secretary of Commerce
Page 320 and 321:
platforms to expand the scope of da
Page 322 and 323:
Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
Page 324 and 325:
majority of RFMC members, may tend
Page 326 and 327:
entrants to a fishery. However, the
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
Page 332 and 333:
The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
Page 334 and 335:
Ecosystem-based management will als
Page 336 and 337:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339:
• Major government subsidies aime
Page 340 and 341:
oad regions of the seas, the existi
Page 342:
References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
Page 345 and 346:
fishing line because they are not a
Page 347 and 348:
Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
Page 349 and 350:
The division of endangered species
Page 351 and 352:
PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
Page 353 and 354:
Although not always caused by human
Page 355 and 356:
Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 357 and 358:
9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
Page 359 and 360:
Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
Page 361 and 362:
appear to be exacerbating other cor
Page 363 and 364:
task force are the U.S. Department
Page 365 and 366:
exploitation by strictly regulating
Page 368 and 369:
CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371:
which are widespread in European sa
Page 372 and 373:
cies, and provides recommendations
Page 374:
Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378:
tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380:
Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 385 and 386:
waters used for drinking and public
Page 387 and 388:
The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394:
Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396:
Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398:
Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400:
State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402:
Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404:
The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406:
Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
Page 407 and 408:
commercial recovery, including offs
Page 411 and 412:
PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414:
hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416:
down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417 and 418:
ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420:
Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422:
ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424:
The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426:
The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428:
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430:
Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437:
nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441:
Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443:
Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445:
Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447:
Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452:
This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456:
University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458:
cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462:
A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468:
Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470:
to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476:
Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480:
PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482:
intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484:
the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486:
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488:
Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492:
International Ocean Science Program
Page 493:
Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 496 and 497:
CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 498 and 499:
Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501:
Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542:
• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552:
• work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554:
• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563:
PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569:
(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571:
Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578:
growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588:
Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592:
6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594:
7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596:
Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598:
Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600:
REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601:
NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607:
SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609:
Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613:
Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615:
Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623:
APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628:
APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631:
Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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