An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.1 The Value of the Oceans .........................................................................................31Figure 1.2 The Value of the Coasts ..........................................................................................32Figure 1.3 The Coasts: From the Nearshore to Coastal Watersheds ...................................35Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to Services in the Ocean Economy .................................36Figure 1.5 Population Density Peaks Near the Shore ............................................................43Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Represented All Sectors of the Ocean Community ...............58Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems Correspond to Natural Features ...............................64Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New National Ocean Policy .............................................68Figure P.1 Lines of U.S. Authority in Offshore Waters ..........................................................71Figure 4.1 Ocean and Coastal Activities Are Conducted byMany Federal Departments and Agencies ........................................................................78Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for Coordination of Federal Ocean Activities....................83Figure 5.1 Alignment of Federal Regions Is Essential for Communication........................94Figure 6.1 Coordination Is Essential in Busy Offshore Waters ............................................99Figure 7.1 Proposals to Reorganize Federal Ocean Management......................................109Table 7.1 Thirty Years of Proposals to Reorganize Federal Managementof Ocean and Coastal Resources .....................................................................................116Figure 8.1 Proposed Structure for the Coordination of Federal OceanEducation Activities..........................................................................................................126Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behind in Science.............................................................131Figure 8.3 Environment-based Education Boosts Overall Academic Achievement........131Figure 10.1 The Growing Cost of Natural Disasters ...........................................................163Figure 11.1 Dramatic Coastal Land Loss in Louisiana........................................................174Figure 12.1 Dams Impede Sediment Destined for the Coast .............................................182Table 13.1 The Leading Role of the United States in International Trade ........................193Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary Gateway for International Trade ................................194Figure 13.2 Goods Traveling through U.S. Ports Are Transported Nationwide ..............195Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional Coastal Conditions .................................................205Figure 14.2 Land-based Nutrients Can Cause Death on the Seafloor...............................206Figure 14.3 Changes in Funding for Water Pollution Controls ........................................208Figure 14.4 Controlling Nonpoint Source Pollution Is Key to Cleaner Waters ..............213Figure 14.5 Thirty States Contribute to the “Dead Zone” in the Gulf of Mexico ...........216Figure 14.6 Looking Skyward: Accounting for Airshed Deposition .................................223Figure 15.1 Watershed Monitoring Has Been Reduced Near the Coasts..........................230Figure 16.1 Most Cruise Ship Travel Originates in U.S. Waters ........................................242Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act Curbs Spills in U.S. Waters .........................................247Figure 17.1 Great Lakes States Take Lead in ImplementingAquatic Invasive Species Management Plans ................................................................254Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Invasive Species Regionally ............................................255Figure 18.1 Trash at the Beach Comes from Many Sources ...............................................265Figure 19.1 Fishery Litigation Grows as Interests Clash ....................................................276Figure 19.2 U.S. Fisheries Are Managed at the Regional Level..........................................283Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish Require Coordination Across Multiple Jurisdictions ..........284Figure 20.1 Sea Lion Populations in Danger ........................................................................317Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Home to the Majority of Known Reefs .........................321Figure 21.2 Deep, Cold-water Coral Reefs Found Throughout U.S. Waters ...................322Figure 22.1 The United States Imports More Seafood Than It Exports............................331Table 23.1 The Bounty of the Sea ..........................................................................................342xxxiiA N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on the Rise....................................................................345Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Has Been Limited to aFew Planning Areas ..........................................................................................................355Figure 24.2 A “Process Rich” but Clear Path to Offshore Leasing,Exploration, and Development Activities......................................................................356Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Offshore Mineral Development..................................359Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to the North American Marine Environment ...............................363Figure 24.4 Pipelines Are a Leading Source of Oil Leaks from OCS Infrastructure........363Figure 25.1 Proposed Structure for the Coordination of Federal OceanScience Activities ..............................................................................................................376Figure 25.2 Ocean Research Is Neglected as Part of the National Research Budget .......377Table 25.1 Organizations Collecting Socioeconomic Data on the Ocean and Coasts.....383Figure 26.1 Many Different Platforms Collect Data as Part of the IOOS..........................396Table 26.1 Proposed Core Variables for the IOOS ...............................................................401Table 26.2 Proposed Supplemental IOOS Variables ............................................................401Table 26.3 Proposed Annual Costs for Implementation of the IOOS ...............................407Table 26.4 Proposed Start-up Costs for the IOOS ...............................................................407Table 28.1 National Civilian and Military Data Centers.....................................................430Figure 28.1 The Flood of Ocean and Coastal Data into NOAA.........................................432Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for Ocean Data.............................................................433Table 29.1 U.S. Participation in International Ocean Agreements ....................................446Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associated with Recommendations of theU.S. Commission on Ocean Policy .................................................................................460xxxiii
Page 3 and 4: FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5: THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
Page 10 and 11: Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
Page 12 and 13: Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
Page 14 and 15: Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
Page 16 and 17: SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
Page 18 and 19: COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
Page 20 and 21: Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 24 and 25: PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
Page 26 and 27: Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29: Expanding Research and Education ..
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33: Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 36 and 37: LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
Page 38 and 39: PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
Page 40 and 41: The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43: The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45: Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
Page 46 and 47: appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49: Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51: Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
Page 52 and 53: Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
Page 54 and 55: ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57: To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59: liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 62 and 63: pation of all ocean-related federal
Page 64: also produce revenues in time, and
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
Page 70 and 71: Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
Page 72 and 73: Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
Page 76 and 77: Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
Page 78 and 79: chemicals tend to bind to particles
Page 80 and 81: coastal watershed counties grew by
Page 82 and 83: One of the most immediate phenomena
Page 84 and 85:
30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
Page 86 and 87:
CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
Page 88 and 89:
ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
Page 90 and 91:
The legislation was prompted by the
Page 92 and 93:
The architects of ocean-related pro
Page 94 and 95:
Congress on ocean and coastal issue
Page 96 and 97:
Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 100 and 101:
USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
Page 104 and 105:
damage is also high, managers shoul
Page 106 and 107:
Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
Page 108 and 109:
PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
Page 110 and 111:
The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
Page 113 and 114:
PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
Page 115 and 116:
Government agencies work on these a
Page 117 and 118:
Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
Page 119 and 120:
• reach out to state, territorial
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
Page 123 and 124:
References1 National Research Counc
Page 125 and 126:
significant initiative by federal a
Page 127 and 128:
The California Bay-Delta Authority
Page 129 and 130:
Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
Page 131 and 132:
Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
Page 133 and 134:
data collection efforts are essenti
Page 136 and 137:
CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
Page 138 and 139:
nisms for managing new ocean uses.
Page 140 and 141:
sure that disputes are resolved and
Page 142 and 143:
Reserve System, which is made up of
Page 144:
Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
Page 147 and 148:
Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
Page 149 and 150:
Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
Page 151 and 152:
Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
Page 153 and 154:
Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
Page 155 and 156:
Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
Page 159 and 160:
PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
Page 161 and 162:
Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
Page 163 and 164:
Therefore, the interaction and invo
Page 165 and 166:
NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
Page 167 and 168:
Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
Page 171 and 172:
Bridging the Gap between Scientists
Page 173 and 174:
Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
Page 175 and 176:
creativity that has expanded our un
Page 177 and 178:
Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
Page 179 and 180:
Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
Page 181 and 182:
Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
Page 183 and 184:
to reach desired outcomes. While fe
Page 187 and 188:
PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
Page 189 and 190:
Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
Page 191 and 192:
state and local decision making, so
Page 193 and 194:
• goals—State coastal managemen
Page 195 and 196:
Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
Page 197 and 198:
forward. An applicant can appeal su
Page 199 and 200:
References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
Page 201 and 202:
Improving Federal Managementof Haza
Page 203 and 204:
Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
Page 205 and 206:
Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
Page 207 and 208:
that develop excellent mitigation p
Page 209 and 210:
tal and human disturbances such as
Page 211 and 212:
PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
Page 213 and 214:
Restoration efforts have intensifie
Page 215 and 216:
Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
Page 217 and 218:
Although it has shown some success
Page 219 and 220:
Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
Page 221 and 222:
Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224:
One of the difficulties in undertak
Page 225 and 226:
Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
Page 227 and 228:
The National Shoreline Management S
Page 230 and 231:
CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
Page 232 and 233:
Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
Page 234 and 235:
Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
Page 236 and 237:
Recommendation 13-2Congress should
Page 238 and 239:
Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
Page 241 and 242:
PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
Page 245 and 246:
sources, such as industrial facilit
Page 247 and 248:
meet water quality goals. Decisions
Page 249 and 250:
Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
Page 251 and 252:
nants over land, into streams and g
Page 253 and 254:
Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
Page 255 and 256:
USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
Page 257 and 258:
Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260:
Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
Page 261 and 262:
assisting in the implementation of
Page 263 and 264:
References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
Page 265 and 266:
Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
Page 267 and 268:
EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
Page 269 and 270:
local, and municipal governments, w
Page 271 and 272:
System DesignSampling protocols are
Page 273 and 274:
Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
Page 275 and 276:
and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
Page 277 and 278:
Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280:
Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Voluntary actions can provide a use
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
Page 287 and 288:
developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290:
25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
Page 291 and 292:
Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
Page 295 and 296:
Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
Page 297 and 298:
Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
Page 299 and 300:
tant for ballast water, coordinated
Page 301 and 302:
10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
Page 303 and 304:
each in the entire world. 3 A study
Page 305 and 306:
Research Program), directed by NOAA
Page 307 and 308:
established simply on the basis of
Page 309:
References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313:
CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
Page 314 and 315:
Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
Page 316 and 317:
While determining allowable biologi
Page 318 and 319:
Although the Secretary of Commerce
Page 320 and 321:
platforms to expand the scope of da
Page 322 and 323:
Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
Page 324 and 325:
majority of RFMC members, may tend
Page 326 and 327:
entrants to a fishery. However, the
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
Page 332 and 333:
The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
Page 334 and 335:
Ecosystem-based management will als
Page 336 and 337:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339:
• Major government subsidies aime
Page 340 and 341:
oad regions of the seas, the existi
Page 342:
References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
Page 345 and 346:
fishing line because they are not a
Page 347 and 348:
Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
Page 349 and 350:
The division of endangered species
Page 351 and 352:
PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
Page 353 and 354:
Although not always caused by human
Page 355 and 356:
Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 357 and 358:
9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
Page 359 and 360:
Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
Page 361 and 362:
appear to be exacerbating other cor
Page 363 and 364:
task force are the U.S. Department
Page 365 and 366:
exploitation by strictly regulating
Page 368 and 369:
CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371:
which are widespread in European sa
Page 372 and 373:
cies, and provides recommendations
Page 374:
Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378:
tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380:
Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 385 and 386:
waters used for drinking and public
Page 387 and 388:
The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394:
Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396:
Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398:
Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400:
State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402:
Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404:
The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406:
Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
Page 407 and 408:
commercial recovery, including offs
Page 411 and 412:
PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414:
hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416:
down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417 and 418:
ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420:
Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422:
ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424:
The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426:
The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428:
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430:
Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437:
nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441:
Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443:
Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445:
Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447:
Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452:
This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456:
University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458:
cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462:
A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468:
Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470:
to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476:
Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480:
PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482:
intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484:
the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486:
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488:
Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492:
International Ocean Science Program
Page 493:
Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 496 and 497:
CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 498 and 499:
Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501:
Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542:
• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552:
• work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554:
• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
Page 563:
PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569:
(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
Page 570 and 571:
Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
Page 577 and 578:
growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588:
Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592:
6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594:
7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596:
Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598:
Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600:
REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601:
NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607:
SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609:
Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613:
Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615:
Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623:
APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628:
APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631:
Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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