An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement PartnershipsNew partnerships and enhanced cooperation arebasic elements of the Coast Guard and NMFS fisheryenforcement strategic plans. Cooperative enforcementagreements among federal, state, tribal, interstate, andinternational organizations will be essential as ecosystem-basedor area-based management becomes moreprevalent and the Coast Guard assumes additionalhomeland security responsibilities.Cooperative Enforcement ProgramsOne of the most successful existing partnershipprograms is the Cooperative Enforcement Programbetween NMFS and state agencies. In this program,state enforcement officers are deputized to enforcestate and federal fishery management plans for commercialand recreational fisheries. Through JointEnforcement Agreements (JEAs), NMFS providesfederal funds for state involvement which are thenmatched by the states, providing an opportunity toenlarge the overall pool of enforcement resources.JEAs have also led to significant progress in creatinguniform enforcement databases, identifying regional and local fishery enforcement priorities,and extending coordination to other areas, such as investigations.Twenty-three coastal states and territories have entered into JEA partnerships withNMFS. From 1998 to 2000, following implementation of the JEA with South Carolina,state patrol officers logged over 1,095 hours conducting federal enforcement from theedge of state waters to 70 nautical miles offshore. Their patrols uncovered 172 cases offisheries violations in the EEZ or on vessels returning from the EEZ, as well as manyadditional cases of boating safety and permit violations. 17 JEAs are particularly effectivebecause state agents are familiar with local waters, know when and where enforcementinfractions are likely to occur, and provide opportunities for significant public outreachand education.Although not currently a signatory to these cooperative NMFS–state agreements,Coast Guard participation would be valuable, particularly during the development ofenforcement plans and priorities, and would help assure commitment of Coast Guardresources to joint enforcement efforts.Despite the JEA program’s advantages in leveraging resources and enhancing cooperation,its federal funding was reduced from approximately $15 million in fiscal year 2001 to$7 million in the fiscal year 2002 and 2003 budgets. The reduced federal funding led tosmaller state matching appropriations and, ultimately, a reduction in enforcement personnel.An officer measures the opening of a Turtle Excluder Device toensure that it meets federal guidelines. Dockside inspections likethis help ensure compliance with a variety of fishery regulations.Recommendation 19–17The National Marine Fisheries Service should expand its use of Joint Enforcement Agreementsto implement cooperative fisheries enforcement programs with state agencies. The U.S. CoastGuard should also be included as an important participant in such agreements.Cooperative Federal EnforcementThere are also significant opportunities to strengthen cooperation at the federal levelbetween NMFS and the Coast Guard. Currently, each agency has its own strategic plan,goals, and objectives for enforcement of federal fishery laws. At the regional and local292 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
levels, the degree of cooperation is uneven and can vary considerably over time, evenwithin the same geographic area.At the national level, a jointly developed strategic plan for federal fishery enforcementcan provide a framework for prioritizing common goals and identifying cooperativeenforcement policies. At the regional level, existing agency training centers can be given abroader role as forums for NMFS, Coast Guard, and state enforcement personnel to shareinformation specific to a particular fishery, and to identify opportunities for more effectiveresource utilization. At the regional and local levels, a stronger and more consistentprocess can be developed for joint planning and implementation of fishery enforcementoperations. Strengthening the national, regional, and local frameworks should lead tobetter resource utilization and enforcement.Recommendation 19–18The National Marine Fisheries Service and the U.S. Coast Guard should strengthen cooperativeenforcement efforts at the national level by developing a unified strategic plan for fisheryenforcement that includes significantly increased joint training, and at the regional andlocal levels, by developing a stronger and more consistent process for sharing informationand coordinating enforcement.Technology for EnforcementVessel Monitoring SystemVessel monitoring is now an accepted part of fishery management worldwide and is endorsedby the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s Code of Conduct for ResponsibleFisheries. Since its initial implementation in 1988, the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) hasdramatically increased the effectiveness of limited fishery enforcement resources.Ships equipped with VMS transmit accurate Global Positioning System data viasatellite to monitoring centers ashore. This information identifies specific vessels andtheir precise locations. When fully implemented, the system can also provide informationuseful to law enforcement, maritime security, safety efforts, environmental protection, andresource management.VMS can be configured for two-way communications to enable vessels to receivepertinent safety and enforcement information from observing parties onshore, such asweather alerts and safety broadcasts for vessels in potentially hazardous circumstances.In emergencies, the Coast Guard can pinpoint the location of a stricken vessel and communicatedirectly with it and other boats in the area through two-way VMS links. TwowayVMS allows fishermen to be in constant contact with other fishermen, enforcementpersonnel, and fleet operators. Because their position can be verified, fishermen can remainon scene longer prior to fishery closures, rather than having to depart the area as is oftencurrently required. The extension of VMS monitoring to state fisheries could also be useful,particularly for vessels wanting to operate legally in state waters adjacent to closedfederal waters.Beyond the benefits to fishermen and the potential benefits to scientific researchthrough the transmission of near real-time data, two-way VMS is a useful system forenforcement and management personnel. Enforcement personnel can protect resourcesby preventing potential fishery violations, and VMS can save the Coast Guard and NMFStime and money spent in enforcement actions. The system provides the Coast Guard andNMFS a broader awareness of ships as they approach restricted areas, enabling the agenciesto inform a fishing vessel that it is about to enter a protected area. Sensors can also beadded to fishing gear, allowing VMS to indicate when a vessel is actively fishing. Managerscan also use VMS system capabilities for daily catch and effort information used in quotamanagement, and can gather other data, such as temperature, depth, and salinity, toinform broader fishery management planning decisions.C HAPTER 19: ACHIEVING S USTAINABLE F ISHERIES293
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280: Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282: Recommendation 16-5Congress should
Page 283 and 284: Voluntary actions can provide a use
Page 285 and 286: Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
Page 287 and 288: developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290: 25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
Page 291 and 292: Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
Page 293 and 294: Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
Page 295 and 296: Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
Page 297 and 298: Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
Page 299 and 300: tant for ballast water, coordinated
Page 301 and 302: 10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
Page 303 and 304: each in the entire world. 3 A study
Page 305 and 306: Research Program), directed by NOAA
Page 307 and 308: established simply on the basis of
Page 309: References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313: CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
Page 314 and 315: Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
Page 316 and 317: While determining allowable biologi
Page 318 and 319: Although the Secretary of Commerce
Page 320 and 321: platforms to expand the scope of da
Page 322 and 323: Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
Page 324 and 325: majority of RFMC members, may tend
Page 326 and 327: entrants to a fishery. However, the
Page 328 and 329: Recommendation 19-15Congress should
Page 332 and 333: The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
Page 334 and 335: Ecosystem-based management will als
Page 336 and 337: Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 338 and 339: • Major government subsidies aime
Page 340 and 341: oad regions of the seas, the existi
Page 342: References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
Page 345 and 346: fishing line because they are not a
Page 347 and 348: Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
Page 349 and 350: The division of endangered species
Page 351 and 352: PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
Page 353 and 354: Although not always caused by human
Page 355 and 356: Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 357 and 358: 9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
Page 359 and 360: Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
Page 361 and 362: appear to be exacerbating other cor
Page 363 and 364: task force are the U.S. Department
Page 365 and 366: exploitation by strictly regulating
Page 368 and 369: CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371: which are widespread in European sa
Page 372 and 373: cies, and provides recommendations
Page 374: Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380: Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542:
• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552:
• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
Page 568 and 569:
(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596:
Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598:
Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
Page 599 and 600:
REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601:
NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
Page 604 and 605:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
Page 606 and 607:
SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609:
Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611:
SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613:
Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615:
Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623:
APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628:
APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630:
Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631:
Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635:
Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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