An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century - California Ocean ...

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5 Richardson, G.E., et al. Deepwater Gulf of Mexico 2004: America’s Expanding Frontier. OCS Report MMS 2004–021.New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, May 2004.6 Ibid.7 Minerals Management Service. “Deep Shelf Gas May Be More Abundant in Gulf Than Earlier Forecast ProbabilisticEstimate Increases by 175%.” Posted November 19,2003; accessed March 12, 2004.8 Minerals Management Service, “Total Federal Offshore Minerals Revenue Collections, Calendar Years 1953–2000.” Accessed March 9, 2004. Year 2001 and 2002 data source: MMSRevenue Management Office, Lakewood, CO.9 Minerals Management Service. “OCS Oil Spill Facts.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, September 2002.10 National Research Council. Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effects. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003.11 Minerals Management Service. OCS Oil Spill Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, September 2002.12 National Research Council. Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effects. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003.13 U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. “Gas Hydrates—Will They be Considered in the Future GlobalEnergy Mix?” Posted December 10, 2003;accessed March 12, 2004.14 National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources.U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1118. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.15 Congressional Research Service. “Methane Hydrates: Energy Prospect or Natural Hazard?” Updated February 14, 2004; accessed March 12, 2004.16 Monastersky, R. “The Ice That Burns: Can Methane Hydrates Fuel the 21st Century?” Science News 154, no. 20(November 14, 1998): 312.17 California Energy Commission. “Ocean Energy.” Accessed December 16, 2003.18 Jones, A.T., and W. Rowley. “Global Perspective: Economic Forecast for Renewable Ocean Energy Technologies.”Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 4 (Winter 2002–2003).19 Minerals Management Service. “Offshore Sand and Gravel Facts.” Accessed March 12, 2004.20 Minerals Management Service. “Sand and Gravel Program—Offshore Minerals Management: Louisiana.” Updated January 29, 2004; accessed March 12, 2004.370 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
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Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
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Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
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COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
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Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commission be
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commission’s
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission on Mari
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 357 and 358: 9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
Page 359 and 360: Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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Page 368 and 369: CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371: which are widespread in European sa
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Page 374: Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380: Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382: Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
Page 383 and 384: Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
Page 391 and 392: over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394: Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396: Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400: State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404: The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406: Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
Page 407: commercial recovery, including offs
Page 412 and 413: CHAPTER 25CREATING A NATIONALSTRATE
Page 414 and 415: Figure 25.1 Proposed Structure for
Page 416 and 417: It is time for the United States to
Page 418 and 419: Box 25.1 Examples of Ocean and Coas
Page 420 and 421: ing enactment of the 1976 Magnuson-
Page 422 and 423: Coastal communitiesdepend on health
Page 424 and 425: typical. This type of funding is us
Page 426 and 427: acceptable progress. In response, t
Page 428 and 429: task of repeating surveys of the sa
Page 430: OTA occupied a unique role among th
Page 433 and 434: and technological capacity to devel
Page 435 and 436: Steps of a U.S. Plan (2000). The se
Page 437 and 438: nies, nongovernmental organizations
Page 439 and 440: Table 26.1 Proposed Core Variables
Page 441 and 442: Another gap is in the development o
Page 443 and 444: Recommendation 26-8Congress should
Page 445 and 446: IOOS. The differences in missions a
Page 447 and 448: Strengthening Earth Observations th
Page 450 and 451: CHAPTER 27ENHANCING OCEANINFRASTRUC
Page 452 and 453: Maximizing Resources through Collab
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Page 456 and 457: Dramatic advances insubmergence veh
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The Ocean Observatories InitiativeI
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(MMS), and EPA, and indirect help w
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• The USGS Coastal and Marine Geo
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Creating Virtual Marine Technology
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CHAPTER 28MODERNIZING OCEAN DATAAND
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Table 28.1 National Civilian and Mi
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Coping with the Flood of Incoming D
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type of education was wholly inadeq
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Interactions between private compan
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Recommendation 28-5The U.S. Navy sh
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CHAPTER 29ADVANCING INTERNATIONALOC
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Guiding PrinciplesThe guiding princ
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Table 29.1 U.S. Participation in In
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Commission, International Maritime
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• Seamounts. Worldwide concerns h
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U.S. Scientific Activities AbroadIn
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PART IXMOVING AHEAD:IMPLEMENTING A
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coastal management: “NOAA should
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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dination among federal agencies (Re
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ally over the next five years. Chap
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Under the new ocean policy framewor
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coastal resource treaty rights. A l
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CHAPTER 31SUMMARY OFRECOMMENDATIONS
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• creation of regional ocean coun
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Office on Ocean Observing (Ocean.US
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Environmental Protection AgencyReco
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Complete List of Recommendations in
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Recommendation 4-6Congress should e
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Recommendation 5-6The Council on En
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Chapter 8: Promoting Lifelong Ocean
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• performance measures—State co
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Recommendation 11-2The regional oce
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• an overall system design that d
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Recommendation 16-14In developing a
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Chapter 18: Reducing Marine DebrisR
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Recommendation 19-7The Regional Fis
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Recommendation 19-27The National Oc
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Chapter 21: Preserving Coral Reefs
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Chapter 23: Connecting the Oceans a
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• establish and maintain a single
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Recommendation 26-12The National Oc
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 29-8The United State
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APPENDIX AO CEANS A CT OF 2000
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Section 3. Commission on Ocean Poli
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(H) Recommendations for any modific
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APPENDIX BA CRONYMS A PPEARINGIN TH
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MARPOLMEDEAMERHABMERPMLAMMCMMPAMMSM
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMore than thirty y
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1. INTRODUCTIONAconstant theme in d
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3. TRENDS IN POPULATION AND HOUSING
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ties. From 1970-2000, the number of
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Major conclusions from Table C.5 in
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Figure C.6 Composition of the Priva
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growth in wages and output, while g
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The value of beach recreation Beach
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of freight. Expansions and improvem
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of a network among these and other
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Table C.3 Population in Coastal Tie
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Table C.6 Private Ocean EconomyOcea
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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APPENDIX DG LOSSARY OF F EDERALO CE
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Oceans Act of 2000 ................
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SECTION 2OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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National Invasive Species CouncilNa
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Clean Water ActCongress enacted the
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Farm Bill 1985—Food Security ActT
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National Oceanographic Partnership
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SECTION 4OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Clean Water Act—Total Maximum Dai
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National Park SystemThe National Pa
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Proposed Structure for Coordination
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CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ANDSUBCOMM
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• Subcommittee on Forestry, Conse
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APPENDIX GD ETAILED C OSTS A SSOCIA
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 645 and 646:
I NDEX
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ecosystem-based management,62, 66-6
Page 649 and 650:
Convention on the Conservationand M
Page 651 and 652:
value of oceans, 30-36ecosystem ass
Page 653 and 654:
erosion, 40, 182beaches, 42, 44, 16
Page 655 and 656:
coral ecosystem effects, 44,320, 32
Page 657 and 658:
oil, 236, 246, 362-363science and t
Page 659 and 660:
Magnuson-Stevens FisheryConservatio
Page 661 and 662:
National Ice Center, 402, 424, 430N
Page 663 and 664:
dredging, 181, 183, 185-186,187, 19
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in marine transportation,192-193, 2
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evenues from resources, 33,102-103,
Page 669 and 670:
treaty/treaties (see also agreement
Page 671 and 672:
oceanographic research,49-50, 375,
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