Phi-features and the Modular Architecture of - UMR 7023 - CNRS

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nological repetition. However, upper copy spell-out runs into a ban on repetition,
and the response is to realize a lower copy, (149)c.
(149) a. Cine (ce) precede (*ce)?
b. Ce (*ce) precede (ce)
c. [cei cek precede cei cek]
who/what what precedes
(Romanian)
Lower copy spell-out makes the following fundamental prediction:
(150) The spell-out of the higher or lower copy of a chain has no consequences
for syntax or its interpretation, because it occurs in realization.
(cf. Polinsky and Potsdam 2006, Bobaljik and Branigan 2006: 71f.)
The prediction is a basic consequence of the modular architecture of the syntax,
realization, and interpretation components explored in chapters 1 and 2. For the
lower copy spellout in (149), Bošković (2002: 374f.) shows that the in-situ whword
in (149) licenses parasitic gaps as if it had moved in the syntax. Polinsky and
Potsdam (2001, 2006) use the same logic to show that 'backward' raising and control
involves DP-movement to a higher clause, although the DP is spelled out in a
lower clause; they contrast simple cross-clausal agreement where the DP remains
in the lower clause for all syntactico-semantic purposes.
The prediction (150) is the touchstone that puts the PCC-governed cliticstrong
alternation into syntax. In French, clitics and strong pronouns differ on
various syntactico-semantic properties other than focus: floating quantifiers, right
dislocation, binding, and perhaps phi-features. For each, the strong dative pronoun
of the PCC repair has a syntactic structure distinct from that of a dative clitic.
4.4.2 Floating quantifiers
Dative clitics license bare preverbal floating quantifiers, (151). To do so, they pass
through an A-position above them (section 4.2). The à + pronoun of the PCC repair
fails to license a bare floating quantifier. It behaves like focussed strong pronoun
datives and like all locatives, not like a dative clitic.
(151) a. Elle la leuri a tousi présentée (à EUXi)
b. Elle l' a (*tousi) présentée à EUXi/*à eux
c. Elle s'/m' a (*tousi) présentée à euxi.
she her/SE/me.A them.D has all introduced to them
(for (c), cf. Kayne 1975: 6 note 9, Ruwet 1982: 309 note 54)