Phi-features and the Modular Architecture of - UMR 7023 - CNRS

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Table 3.3: Mapundungun finite agreement (Arnold 1994, 1997, Zuñiga 2002: 229)
XEA→3O (direct) (-fi) (3.O) + personEA - numberEA
3EA→XO (inverse) -e (INV) + personO – numberO + -(m)ew
1SGEA→2SGO
2SGEA→1SGO
-e (INV) + 1DU
-e (INV) + 1SG
1EA→2O (rest) -w (REFL) + 1PL
2EA→1O (rest) -mu (INV) + 1PL
Legend: Inverse shaded dark, unclear ('middle') shaded light.
The morphological direct-inverse contrast extends to non-finite (subordinate)
verbal forms in Table 3.4, ignoring for now the columns headed overt. In them
person and number agreement is replaced by the infinitival el or lu morphemes.
However, there remain the inverse markers e, mu, along with mew. Their distribution
partitions the paradigm into direct 1/2EA→3O (and 3.PROXEA→3.OBV) and
inverse 3EA→1/2O (and 3.OBVEA→3.PROXO), with unclarity for 1↔2.
Table 3.4: Direct/inverse in Mapudungun nonfinite forms (Zuñiga 2002: 229f.)
-EL1 Overt -EL2 overt -LU Overt
X→3 (direct) (-fi)-el EA (-fi)-el EA (-fi)-lu EA
3→X (inverse) -e-t-ew O -e-t-ew O -e-lu-mew O
1SG→2SG -fi-el O -fi-el EA O -fi-lu / -e-lu-mew O
2SG→1SG -fi-el EA -fi-el EA O -e-lu-mew O
1→2 other -w-fi-el O (-fi)-el EA O -w-lu O
2→1 other -mu-fi-el EA (-fi)-el EA O -mu-lu O
Note: Overt forms are personal prononouns if italics, possessive pronouns otherwise.
Arnold finds one syntactic correlate of the EA-O PH-interactions: the winner of
the EA interactions is realized as the overt argument of nonfinite clauses, the EA
in direct contexts, the O in inverse ones. This is schematised in Table 3.4 in the
columns headed overt. Example (96) illustrates with the overt pronoun (underlined)
for one direct and one inverse context of the el-infinitive. On Arnold's
analysis, it is subjecthood that determines which argument is overt, much as it determines
the overtness, form, and position in English non-finite clauses: for you to
Historically and in the Huichille dialect, there are transparent inverse forms, pe-e-ymi-∅ 'see-
INV-2SG.SU –1.O' 'I see you'. However, modern Mapudungun forms in the Tables 'opaquely'
express 'I see you (SG)' by 'We (two) see you', and 'I/we see you' (total number of participants
grater than two) by 'We (plural) see each other' (see chapter 2).