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Die Rolle der Sprache
Die wesentlichste philosophische Entwicklung im 20. Jhd. war in den Augen
der Transzendentalpragmatik der „linguistic turn“ 50 , also der Durchbruch der
50 F.N. S.P.: Apel verarbeitet hierbei gründlich die Ansätze Charles S. Peirce
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Peirce ). Peirce entwickelte z.B.
folgende Tafel der Kategorien:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categories_(Peirce)
Peirce arrived at his own system of three categories after a thoroughgoing study of his
predecessors, with special reference to the categories of Aristotle, Kant, and Hegel.
The names that he used for his own categories varied with context and occasion, but
ranged from reasonably intuitive terms like quality, reaction, and representation to
maximally abstract terms like firstness, secondness, and thirdness, respectively. Taken
in full generality, nth-ness can be understood as referring to those properties that all
n-adic relations have in common. Peirce's distinctive claim is that a type hierarchy of
three levels is generative of all that we need in logic.
Part of the justification for Peirce's claim that three categories are both necessary and
sufficient appears to arise from mathematical ideas about the reducibility of n-adic
relations. According to Peirce's Reduction Thesis, (a) triads are necessary because
genuinely triadic relations cannot be completely analyzed in terms or monadic and
dyadic predicates, and (b) triads are sufficient because there are no genuinely tetradic
or larger polyadic relations -- all higher-arity n-adic relations can be analyzed in terms
of triadic and lower-arity relations. Others have offered proofs of the Reduction Thesis.
Peirce introduces his Categories and their theory in "On a New List of Categories"
(1867), a work which is cast as a Kantian deduction and is short but dense and difficult
to summarize. The following table is compiled from that and later works.
Peirce's Categories (technical name: the cenopythagorean categories [5] )
Name:
Firstness.
Secondness.
Thirdness.
Typical
characterization:
Quality of
feeling.
As universe
of
experience:
Ideas,
chance,
possibility.
As quantity: Technical
definition:
Vagueness,
"some".
Reaction,
Brute facts, Singularity,
resistance,
actuality. discreteness.
(dyadic) relation.
Representation.
Habits,
laws,
necessity.
Generality,
continuity.
Reference to
a ground (a
ground is a
pure
abstraction of
a quality).
Reference to
a correlate
(by its
relate).
Reference to
an
interpretant*.
Valence,
"adicity":
Essentially
monadic (the
quale, in the
sense of the
thing with the
quality).
Essentially
dyadic (the
relate and the
correlate).
Essentially
triadic (sign,
object,
interpretant*).
*Note: An interpretant is the product of an interpretive process, or the content of an
interpretation. The context for interpretants is not psychology or sociology, but instead
philosophical logic. In a sense, an interpretant is whatever can be understood as a
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