An introductory text-book of logic - Mellone, Sydney - Rare Books at ...

3l8
FALLACIES.
De Morgan, that if in quoting an author we italicise
a word which he has not italicised, or leave out words, in
the quotation or its context, we are guilty of this fallacy.
(6) The fallacy of Figure of Speech (TO a"xf)fj,a TT}?
Xefew?) is the trivial confusion of supposing that words
similar in grammatical form (case, declension, conjuga
tion, termination, &c.) or similar in being derived from
the same root are similar in other respects. It is really
a trivial kind of false analogy; e.g., to suppose \h&\. poeta
is masculine because mensa is so ; or to confuse the
meanings of forms resembling one another, as do art,
artful, artificer.
The two most important fallacies in the foregoing list
are those of Composition and Division.
II. Fallacies due to the thought rather than the language.
Aristotle mentions seven types of this kind of fallacy.
1 i ) The fallacy of Accident (TO a-v/LifiefiiiKos) consists
in confusing an unessential with an essential difference or
resemblance. Thus: "Is Plato different from Socrates?"
"Yes." "Is Socrates a man?" "Yes." "Then Plato
is different from man." It does not follow that because
the one differs from the other in one or more respects,
they therefore differ in every respect. In the same way,
it does not follow that because the one resembles the
other in one or more respects, that the two are similar in
all respects. Of this mistake the following is a crude
example :
" To call you an animal is to speak truth to ;
call you an ass is to call you an animal; therefore to call
you an ass is to speak truth." Any typical fallacy of
Accident, when stated in syllogistic form, will be found
to be an example of Four Terms.
(2) Next in Aristotle s list stands a form of fallacy to