An introductory text-book of logic - Mellone, Sydney - Rare Books at ...

344 THE PROBLEMS WHICH WE HAVE RAISED.
tion of attributes or general qualities which is asserted.
According as greater stress is laid on the one aspect or
on the other, we have a distinction of two kinds of
universal judgments (cf. ch. VII. 8; ch. VIII. i).
When this distinction is firmly grasped, few difficulties
remain for the student in the higher developments of
Modern Logic.
(a) In the judgment
"
all S is P," the
"
"
all S may
refer to a group, a definite number of cases actually
observed or recorded in history or other narrative.
Such judgments are the result of a
"
complete enumera
tion." I suppose myself to have counted the S s, then,
observing that they all have the quality, I say
"
all S are
P." Such judgments belong to history or narrative ; in
this they resemble the singular judgment "This S is P,"
and the particular judgment "Some or many S are P."
We know (ch. II. i, a) that the singular judgment is
characterised by being limited by indications of time and
place to a single object. The universal judgment (of the
kind now under consideration) is limited in the same way
to a whole group and if the indications of time and
place which limit it are not expressed, they are implied.
"
"
All leopards are spotted
i.e., the collection consist
ing of every specimen hitherto observed of the species.
The place is anywhere where a leopard has been found ;
the time is
"up to the present."
"All the men of
the regiment were captured" i.e., at some engage
ment the time and place of which are supposed to
be understood.
of Logic
"
"
Every
book on these shelves treats
: here the place is indicated, and the time
is as long as the books remain there. The particular
judgment is limited in the same way to part at least
of a group: "Nearly
all the Dublin Fusiliers lost their
lives."