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england in 1278 to widespread arrests and hangings, in many cases on the flimsiest pretexts. Edward may have contemplated a relaxation of the situation by permitting a resumption of usury but for a variety of economic and political reasons, and from sheer rapacity, he finally decided to resolve the problem drastically. On July 18, Jewish settlement in Britain before the expulsion of 1290, and communities existing in the late 20th century. 1290, he issued an edict for the banishment of the Jews from England – the first of the great general expulsions of the Middle Ages – by All Saints’ Day (November 1). Most of the refugees made their way to France, Flanders, and Germany. The English Jews of the Middle Ages perhaps numbered fewer than 4,000, though contemporary chroniclers put the 412 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6
figure far higher. They formed, intellectually as well as politically, an offshoot of the neighboring Franco-German center, even speaking French among themselves. Their interests were accordingly halakhic rather than literary, though no name of the first importance figures among them. Outstanding scholars included *Jacob b. Judah of London, author of the ritual compendium Eẓ Ḥayyim; the grammarian Benjamin of *Cambridge; Isaac b. Perez of Northampton; *Moses b. Ha-Nesi’ah of London who wrote the grammatical work Sefer ha-Shoham; *Meir of Norwich, a liturgical poet; *Moses b. Yom-Tov of London, halakhist and grammarian; and his sons *Benedict of Lincoln (Berechiah of Nicole) and *Elijah Menahem of London, physician, scholar, and financier, the greatest luminary of medieval English Jewry. Their expulsion in 1290 cleared England of the Jews more completely than was the case in any other European country. The *Domus Conversorum founded by Henry III in London in 1232 continued indeed to function until the beginning of the 17th century, but ultimately its few inmates were in every case foreigners. The only professing Jews known to have come to the country were half a dozen individuals in 1310 (perhaps to negotiate conditions for readmission), one or two physicians who were invited professionally, and occasional wandering adventurers. The Resettlement Period This almost absolute isolation was broken by the repercussions of the expulsions from Spain and Portugal and of the activities of the Inquisition in the Iberian Peninsula, which drove refugees throughout Western Europe. A small *Marrano settlement was established in London in the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI but broke up on the accession of Mary in 1553 and the Catholic reaction which ensued. In the reign of Elizabeth, a semi-overt congregation existed for some years in London and Bristol, comprising among others Dr. Hector *Nunez whose commercial connections were found useful by the government in Spanish affairs, and Roderigo *Lopez, the queen’s physician, who was executed in 1594 on a charge of having plotted against her life. The latter was connected by marriage with Alvaro Mendes (Solomon *Abenaes), duke of Mytilene, who sent diplomatic missions to the English court on more than one occasion. Although this Marrano community at one time numbered approximately 100 persons, it had no legal guarantee of existence. With a change in political and economic conditions in 1609, it disappeared. Toward the middle of the 17th century, a new Marrano colony grew up in London, partly of refugees who had been settled for a time at Rouen and the Canary Islands. The revolution and the spread of extreme Puritan doctrine among the English people led to the development of a spirit more favorable to the Jews, which increased proportionately with the importance attached to the Old Testament. Sir Henry *Finch, Roger Williams, Edward *Nicholas, and John Sadler were among the notables who joined in the agitation for the formal readmission of the Jews into England, whether as a england measure of humanity or in the hopes of securing their conversion. The economic revival under *Cromwell, coupled with his anti-Spanish policy, combined to create an atmosphere more and more favorable to the Marrano merchants, some of whom, such as Antonio Fernandez *Carvajal, rendered the government valuable service in obtaining intelligence from the continent. Meanwhile, the reported discovery of Jews in America by Antonio (Aaron) de *Montezinos had led *Manasseh Ben Israel, the Amsterdam rabbi and mystic, to look forward to the millennium which would be ushered in by the completion of the dispersion through the official introduction of the Jews to the “end of the earth” (Keẓeh ha-Areẓ = Angle-Terre). Negotiations with him, which had been going on fitfully since 1650, came to a head with his arrival in England in the autumn of 1655. A petition presented on behalf of the Jews was backed up by his eloquent plea in the “Humble Addresses” (Amsterdam, 1655), presented to the Lord Protector. On December 4, 1655, a conference of notables met at Whitehall to consider the whole question. The judges present decided that there was no statute which excluded the Jews from the country. On the other hand, a large body of theological and mercantile opinion manifested itself, which would consent to readmission only on the severest terms. After four sessions, Cromwell dissolved the conference before it arrived at a positive conclusion. In the following March, the London Marranos presented a fresh petition, merely asking for permission to have their own burial ground and to be protected from disturbance in the performance of their religious ceremonies. Their position was meanwhile strengthened by a judicial ruling which restored the property of Antonio *Robles (seized on the outbreak of war with Spain because of his Spanish nationality), mainly on the grounds that he was a Jew. In July, as it seems, the petition of the previous March was at last taken into consideration and assented to by the Council of State. Although the relevant pages were subsequently torn out of the minute book, the settlement of the Jews in England was never thereafter seriously questioned. This was far from the formal recall for which Manasseh Ben Israel had hoped, but its very informality secured its continuance even after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and saved English Jewry from that special and inferior status which was the rule elsewhere in Europe. The easygoing King Charles II was indeed little disposed, on his return to England, to reverse the arrangement which had become established under the Protectorate, in spite of anti-Jewish agitation fostered by Thomas Violet and embodied in a petition by the City of London. In 1664, in consequence of an attempt at blackmail made by the Earl of Berkshire and Paul Ricaut, the community received from the Crown a formal promise of protection, and in 1673, after another petty persecution, a guarantee of freedom of worship, which was confirmed in similar circumstances in 1685. This pragmatic policy of protection for the Jews was continued throughout the reigns of the later Stuarts. Suggestions for special taxation (which must inevitably have led to special status) were not im- ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6 413
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA
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©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd.
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DRA (Draa), river valley region in
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North African origin established th
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fiture of that people. Ancient Near
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of residence were limited. Neverthe
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(F. Thureau-Dangin, Arslan Tash (19
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a baggy chemise reaching down to th
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One such tiara, belonging to a Jewi
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dereau incriminating Dreyfus had be
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(Red Sox) meet the National League
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(1919-27), and Philadelphia (1927-2
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Republican Party of Pennsylvania, D
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23:19-21:29-35; 31:4-5; cf. I Esd.
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July 2, 1942, the Germans surrounde
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and communion with God is possible
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chequer of the Jews at Westminster
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People’s University.” Dubnow wa
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assimilation, its leaders were forc
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In the 18th century the Jewish popu
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of the community were learned and r
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Prophets (1911), all of which conta
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Saints in World Religions (2000), 3
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°DUNANT, JEAN HENRI (1828-1910), S
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a medical work by Dunash, and there
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Ḥayyim; “The Fountain of Life
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the top of the tree-vine since leav
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in Parthian dress (Mordecai, Ezekie
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eral Christians of the period under
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his voice against his own countryme
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DURAN, SOLOMON BEN SIMEON (known as
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a wooden house in 1905. In 1921 it
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1916 went to Europe as a secretary
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heresy of the Sadducees developed.
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the novel De wandelende Jood (1906)
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A fine autobiographical novel on th
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the law originating in God and the
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sial, Dworkin holds that nonetheles
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tury, the Salonika dye industry dec
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1983 he reportedly returned to his
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EAGLE, bird of prey of the genus Aq
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aoh. It likewise swallowed up the v
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Add. Bibliography: R. St. John, Eba
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Whenever a new Semitic language is
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the book was written in Aramaic and
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(1983). An English translation by A
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the man sold his land. One day, as
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noise, when it is possible to moder
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of land. The quality of some ancien
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In contrast, the Aramaic papyri of
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existing trends rather than of any
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ar Ilai, who reported this saying,
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Methods of tax collection aggravate
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ecognize defects, whether inflicted
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ing, therefore, that during his vis
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leys, and other maritime vessels.
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troversies between lenders and debt
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main ethically and psychologically
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Torah holds a higher place in Germa
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and more severe constraints. The pe
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states. Two major factors contribut
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upon general economic conditions, i
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and trying to control the market. T
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in some cases revealed the strength
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ut influential minority of the Jews
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the large-scale industrial establis
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tury and later, agriculture in Euro
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to behave according to previously e
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they actively sought an improvement
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identity, but maintained their cons
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Quito and in Guayaquil Zionist orga
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admirer of Disraeli that, in 1972,
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Bibliography: Rejzen, Leksikon, 2 (
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R. Samuel b. Ali, head of the Baghd
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tions. In accordance with a special
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In 1928, a second congregation was
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history of Israel. These two types
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FROM JEHOSHAPHAT TO AHAZ. There is
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Hasmonean wars the Idumeans assiste
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above sea level, with a population
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individual psychology. Ferdinand Bi
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nature of biblical educational inst
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seph; Leah and Reuben). While sibli
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The importance of alphabetic writin
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goals of their training. Before mar
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introduced by Simeon b. Shetaḥ, t
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This entire educational enterprise,
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law where it was obscure and diffic
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Troyes, France) in his ordinances r
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Jewish occupations and mobility, bu
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the modern period, 1800-1939 Genera
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toward the end of the century it ca
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Another large school system was tha
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As a result of all these factors th
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ward the first such school was open
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(The Occident). Improvements in pri
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British children’s author Lady Ka
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association - and most assuredly, t
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Ner Israel of Baltimore (1934), and
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ization. By the closing decades of
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which “scientifically” demonstr
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tential student pool owing to the e
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ing the 1870s a Society for Hebrew
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Olam) were in the Greater London ar
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conducted in the secular settings o
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der the SABJE) in Johannesburg and
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tion. In the early 21st century the
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adjudicated by the sages, possess s
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itself a “weekly journal.” The
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dence with his relative Moses *Sofe
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20). That the blood of the slain mu
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6. Second Intermediate Period - Dyn
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By the end of the eighth century B.
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Hellenistic period Medieval period
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(b) Egyptians, the lowest class, wh
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In 1036 the grandson of al-Ḥākim
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held key positions in the financial
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M E D I T E R R A N E A NS E A Alex
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48:28). It is also described as the
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I am a Russian writer,” implying
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sey (1901-2) and served as recordin
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Emanu-El (Richard’s father), conf
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Paul Ehrlich and William Bulloch: A
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director of Florida Hillel Foundati
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With the outbreak of war, *Himmler
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were committed outside the territor
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printed under the title Or la-Yesha
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About half its members worked outsi
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It was founded in 1937 as a “*tow
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cal Grininke Beymelekh, and edited
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pletely concealed nature, and this
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Bibliography: Haggin, in: Music Rev
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during the War of Independence (194
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from Palestine to the camps, thus f
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work eight days villenage services
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Bibliography: G. Aronson, in: J.S.
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EISENSTEIN, FERDINAND GOTTHOLD (182
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the war that the young country must
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Paramount to become chair and CEO o
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EITAN, RAPHAEL (“Raful”; 1929-2
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anks seized the world’s attention
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eration of Palestine. A Boeing 707
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the language belongs to the “peri
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Arish’s economy, although more re
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of political science at Temple Univ
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safe houses, and he himself avoided
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Add. Bibliography: A. Amichal-Yavin
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stances, the elders protect the fam
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eer retrospective. It contained mor
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struction of the Temple. Son of the
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the filling in of the family ties b
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herself in the cistern there; altho
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eligious programs of Judah b. Samue
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the olive, providing that it is fro
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government representative (Ursicinu
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gold (I Kings 10:18). The Bible als
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of Roman rule of Egypt. With the he
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Elfman’s score, and marked the fi
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ELI (Heb. יִלֵ א; ֵ “[YHWH
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through Central Asia. Elias defined
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ELIAV, ARIE LOVA (1921- ), Israeli
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of the tannaim was a heroic age, an
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simple, synthetic overview of his l
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you, and you will merit a lofty sea
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ELIEZER BEN SAMSON (fl. 12th centur
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of Rothenburg. Zedekiah b. Abraham
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olstered by wonder-tales. He was fe
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In Jewish Folklore Many of the lege
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about Elijah were composed for the
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sponsa called Tanna de-Vei Eliyahu,
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weekly Torah portions and to the nu
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oath and was guilty of other instan
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Writings Over 70 works and commenta
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in Jerusalem; and mentions the occu
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in the form of sermons on the weekl
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y bears. Elisha was a prophet by pr
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y his still devoted disciple R. Mei
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witnessed and photographed in trave
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of Public Senat, the parliamentary
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our martyrs. I saw them coming back
Page 361 and 362: mayor and returned him once more to
Page 363 and 364: executive officer, he transferred i
Page 365 and 366: a shorter version of the traditiona
Page 367 and 368: German-Jewish Epoch, 1743-1933 (200
Page 369 and 370: War II. During that period, El Salv
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Page 373 and 374: emanationism the ultimate product,
Page 375 and 376: stemmed from the utopian political
Page 377 and 378: their economic and social status to
Page 379 and 380: community leaders (rabbis, parnasim
Page 381 and 382: French demands imposed upon Switzer
Page 383 and 384: would not ask about religion and ra
Page 385 and 386: estrictions as are in force accordi
Page 387 and 388: a proper palace. The texts prove th
Page 389 and 390: only at Emar and Tuttul. Even at th
Page 391 and 392: metabolism. He contributed, with G.
Page 393 and 394: the field of Kabbalah. Consequently
Page 395 and 396: U.S. (1958), where he republished a
Page 397 and 398: the bliss of divine love (Saadiah G
Page 399 and 400: ENCYCLOPEDIAS. Encyclopedias of Gen
Page 401 and 402: (6 vols., 1960-61) with a supplemen
Page 403 and 404: the passing of various laws intende
Page 405 and 406: (2) The modern kibbutz of En Dor, S
Page 407 and 408: with a rectangular tower. This sett
Page 409 and 410: vit (1927). The Tel Aviv municipali
Page 411: in the sack of London’s Jewry and
Page 415 and 416: several Jews have since followed hi
Page 417 and 418: Russian persecution was more than a
Page 419 and 420: on a smaller scale, and the dispers
Page 421 and 422: large numbers have abandoned the se
Page 423 and 424: ing to 6.9% in 1990. Only the Progr
Page 425 and 426: The sensational death of Robert Max
Page 427 and 428: afimovicz, an 84-year-old former ca
Page 429 and 430: women’s issues including domestic
Page 431 and 432: countries. Britain constituted Isra
Page 433 and 434: mous early 13th-century poem writte
Page 435 and 436: is, however, worth noting certain s
Page 437 and 438: who condoned massacres of Jews duri
Page 439 and 440: *Rosenberg, the East End poet who d
Page 441 and 442: EN-HAROD (Heb. דֹר ֲח ןיע).
Page 443 and 444: In its present form it is divided i
Page 445 and 446: the story of Melchizedek recounted
Page 447 and 448: Rose, in: The Spanish Inquisition a
Page 449 and 450: serve Jewish life especially where
Page 451 and 452: ine environment; nitrogen isotope b
Page 453 and 454: tive Law; Only Who Can Prevent Fore
Page 455 and 456: nity in Ephesus against the vehemen
Page 457 and 458: of: Geographical Survey). It is wid
Page 459 and 460: this office until his death. He pro
Page 461 and 462: munal post before he became head of
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cannot be identified with the Zealo
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and more in epitaphs. At the beginn
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of Nations’ International Labor O
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In 1923, he served as a rabbinical
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Responsa of Rabbi Simon b. Zemah Du
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and others. His contribution to the
Page 475 and 476:
was known as “the good Jew” of
Page 477 and 478:
ER (Heb. רע; ַ “watcher, watch
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a yeshivah, Neveh Shalom. Later, he
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central committee. He helped Charle
Page 483 and 484:
ERRERA, LÉO (1858-1905), Belgian b
Page 485 and 486:
tified us with Thy commandments and
Page 487 and 488:
(SAA II; 1988); M. Luukko and G. va
Page 489 and 490:
ESCAPA, JOSEPH BEN SAUL (1570-1662)
Page 491 and 492:
which will render it incapable of b
Page 493 and 494:
Israel until the latest writings in
Page 495 and 496:
time when Judaism in Palestine was
Page 497 and 498:
struction of the Second Temple), th
Page 499 and 500:
the powers of evil. It seems, there
Page 501 and 502:
liable to sin, and punishment falls
Page 503 and 504:
lah himself will judge or every sin
Page 505 and 506:
ESHET ḤAYIL (Heb. לִיַח תֶ
Page 507 and 508:
Bibliography: H. Laufbahn, Levi Esh
Page 509 and 510:
ESPINOZA, ENRIQUE (pseudonym of Sam
Page 511 and 512:
lude to the yaḥad described in th
Page 513 and 514:
ark was home to as many as 43 synag
Page 515 and 516:
mission. Jews of Estella engaged in
Page 517 and 518:
drama, Esther (1644), was written b
Page 519 and 520:
when Stephen Langton, having divide
Page 521 and 522:
BALTIC SEA Tallinn ESTONIA Parnu Na
Page 523 and 524:
worked at the Oxford Institute for
Page 525 and 526:
largely an offshoot of German Refor
Page 527 and 528:
on which ethical literature drew fo
Page 529 and 530:
Ashkenazi-Ḥasidic Literature The
Page 531 and 532:
why the wicked were created; freedo
Page 533 and 534:
with such severity. They regarded *
Page 535 and 536:
ethical principles. On the other ha
Page 537 and 538:
Similarly, the midrashic interpreta
Page 539 and 540:
Yom Kippur War and also after the M
Page 541 and 542:
no pittam. There are several distin
Page 543 and 544:
land Historical Magazine, 15 (1920)
Page 545 and 546:
the Jews in Soviet Russia and their
Page 547 and 548:
Political Processes (1968). Among t
Page 549 and 550:
ha-Darshan” frequently referred t
Page 551 and 552:
76b, 112b), sexual intercourse (Ber
Page 553 and 554:
ans. There is no evidence that Eupo
Page 555 and 556:
Rise of Christianity and Islam Unde
Page 557 and 558:
clandestinity, began to establish t
Page 559 and 560:
ties had taken the lead in politica
Page 561 and 562:
dictatorship and coldly organized t
Page 563 and 564:
erential agreement with Israel for
Page 565 and 566:
Political Cooperation The first aim
Page 567 and 568:
Cooperation has been the best in th
Page 569 and 570:
and references to roads. The distan
Page 571 and 572:
had been deported to a non-existent
Page 573 and 574:
light on the role of the rib in the
Page 575 and 576:
construction and ignores the mythol
Page 577 and 578:
The Australian delegate was more ca
Page 579 and 580:
ounce of his own than nine ounces o
Page 581 and 582:
the claimant, even if there is no w
Page 583 and 584:
of demonstrating that the witnesses
Page 585 and 586:
Jerusalem (BB 75a). The magical asp
Page 587 and 588:
ganism joined by its navel like a p
Page 589 and 590:
equipment and a quarry. In 2002 the
Page 591 and 592:
former might not remove assets of t
Page 593 and 594:
property is made (at the instance o
Page 595 and 596:
ter with her own private funds, as
Page 597 and 598:
112b), but there it is imposed on a
Page 599 and 600:
drash Aseret ha-Dibberot and Rabben
Page 601 and 602:
HUNA I 170 -210 NATHAN II 370 - 400
Page 603 and 604:
third century, however, tension dev
Page 605 and 606:
an honorary one and devoid of any a
Page 607 and 608:
was not viewed favorably in all pla
Page 609 and 610:
(626 B.C.E.), which together with M
Page 611 and 612:
cree was for themselves alone. Rebu
Page 613 and 614:
Structure and Content Although it i
Page 615 and 616:
having been abetted by Pharaoh’s
Page 617 and 618:
dinary preoccupation of the rulings
Page 619 and 620:
ANALYSIS OF THE BOOK OF EXODUS (aft
Page 621 and 622:
This reading obviates the legal dif
Page 623 and 624:
The episodes in the wilderness furt
Page 625 and 626:
vot Ge’onei Mizrahò u-Ma’arav
Page 627 and 628:
followers, came to the aid of the t
Page 629 and 630:
EXTRADITION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE
Page 631 and 632:
than killing, a man is not to be ch
Page 633 and 634:
in Metz and in Altona he had many d
Page 635 and 636:
University. Her second novel, Shida
Page 637 and 638:
Grouping the Egyptian oracles entai
Page 639 and 640:
24:16’s directive to earthly judg
Page 641 and 642:
According to Isaiah, Assyria was to
Page 643 and 644:
vironment was thoroughly Jerusalemi
Page 645 and 646:
R. Eliezer somewhat reduced the sig
Page 647 and 648:
EZEKIEL, APOCRYPHAL BOOKS OF. Josep
Page 649 and 650:
communities of Galicia, Hungary, an
Page 651 and 652:
logical and Topographical Study (19
Page 653 and 654:
drinking, and gift giving. The day
Page 655 and 656:
in the Eastern Church, however, and
Page 657 and 658:
Book of Ezra: Outline (1) Edict of
Page 659 and 660:
THE SECOND PERIOD (EZRA, CHAPS. 7-1
Page 661 and 662:
for the dedication of the wall in J
Page 663 and 664:
icine, introduced him to the prince
Page 665 and 666:
FABIUS, LAURENT (1946- ), French po
Page 667 and 668:
Judah (II Kings 14:9; II Chron. 25:
Page 669 and 670:
not direct translations; it also in
Page 671 and 672:
In Facing History classrooms, middl
Page 673 and 674:
end of that paper, he acknowledged
Page 675 and 676:
president of the Los Angeles Jewish
Page 677 and 678:
eak of World War II he was put on t
Page 679 and 680:
the entire district. In any case, t
Page 681 and 682:
library of the 15th century Italian
Page 683 and 684:
to all the other sciences: “Knowl
Page 685 and 686:
eulogized by Ezekiel *Landau (see F
Page 687 and 688:
2001 she held the Priesand Chair in
Page 689 and 690:
of the Jews were Sadgora ḥasidim
Page 691 and 692:
ment in the land. Family glimpses a
Page 693 and 694:
MARRIAGE AND ADOPTION. Though a man
Page 695 and 696:
of marriage that according to the s
Page 697 and 698:
the Forverts, a collection known as
Page 699 and 700:
the Jewish family” (ibid., p. 35)
Page 701 and 702:
Passover seder no longer took place
Page 703 and 704:
education a couple has completed, t
Page 705 and 706:
of their parents or community. Othe
Page 707 and 708:
15:2 (1990), 48-53: A. Markowitz,
Page 709 and 710:
ano at the Liceo Musicale in Bologn
Page 711 and 712:
fluence may also be discerned in Ma
Page 713 and 714:
president of the State of Israel, p
Page 715 and 716:
phael’s children were David (died
Page 717 and 718:
semitic book, La Chiesa e gli Ebrei
Page 719 and 720:
Tipografia Hebraica em Portugal…
Page 721 and 722:
Thus, fasting, a spontaneous phenom
Page 723 and 724:
The Fast of *Esther (Ta’anit Este
Page 725 and 726:
ing the late 1930s and 1940s. His f
Page 727 and 728:
chief rabbi of Bohemia. After gradu
Page 729 and 730:
Bibliography: E. Weiss, in: F.G. Al
Page 731 and 732:
should have remained rooted within
Page 733 and 734:
een translated into English, French
Page 735 and 736:
(“The Eight”) which, with Emil
Page 737 and 738:
FEINBERG, ABRAHAM L. (1899-1986), R
Page 739 and 740:
FEINBERG, NATHAN (1895-?), internat
Page 741 and 742:
FEINSTEIN, ELAINE (1930- ), English
Page 743 and 744:
FEINSTONE, MORRIS (1878-1945), U.S.
Page 745 and 746:
gary, settling in Paris. An expert
Page 747 and 748:
Abraham Wouk Family Professor of Cl
Page 749 and 750:
also narrate the film testimony at
Page 751 and 752:
allowed some men to accumulate grea
Page 753 and 754:
era, though revived in the late 20t
Page 755 and 756:
their work as their male colleagues
Page 757 and 758:
daism (2000); E. Frankel, The Five
Page 759 and 760:
smoothly and persuasively written.
Page 761 and 762:
instructions, lest the Jews be robb
Page 763 and 764:
and turn it into a synagogue, which
Page 765 and 766:
dedicated several poems to him and
Page 767 and 768:
TISHRI HESHVAN KISLEV TEVET SHEVAT
Page 769 and 770:
term “holy convocation” to mean
Page 771 and 772:
Two of the three commandments speci
Page 773 and 774:
well-known figure in the cultural l
Page 775 and 776:
with the unyielding Orthodoxy that
Page 777:
Shavuot—festival of the first fru
Page 780 and 781:
ABOVE: An Israeli man and his daugh
Page 782:
ABOVE: Laden table at the Maimuna f
Page 785 and 786:
ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
Page 787 and 788:
Derashot Ran, Sermons by *Nissim b.
Page 789 and 790:
*Maimonides = Moses b. Maimon, or R
Page 791 and 792:
Sh. Ar. = Shulḥan Arukh, code by
Page 793 and 794:
Ahikar Ahikar (Pseudepigrapha). AI
Page 795 and 796:
Cantera-Millás, F. Cantera and J.M
Page 797 and 798:
GHAT Goettinger Handkommentar zum A
Page 799 and 800:
Kid. Kiddushim (talmudic tractate).
Page 801 and 802:
PD Piskei Din shel Bet ha-Mishpat h
Page 803 and 804:
Schuerer, Hist E. Schuerer, History
Page 805 and 806:
TRANSLITERATION RULES 1. The letter
Page 807 and 808:
greek Ancient Greek Modern Greek Gr
Page 809 and 810:
*Gaon (pl. geonim), head of academy
Page 811 and 812:
*Minyan, group of ten male adult Je
Page 813:
ish Congress there in 1868 and the
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JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

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