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Political Processes (1968). Among the others are A Diary of a
Commando Soldier (1952), The Moon-Doogle: Domestic and
International Implications of the Space Race (1964), Political
Unification: A Comparative Study of Leaders and Forces (1965),
Demonstration Democracy (1971), The Moral Dimension: Toward
a New Economics (1988), The Spirit of Community (1993),
The New Golden Rule (1996), The Limits of Privacy (1999), The
Monochrome Society (2001), My Brother’s Keeper: A Memoir
and a Message (2003), and From Empire to Community: A New
Approach to International Relations (2004).
Etzioni has been the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship
and the William Mosher Award for the most distinguished
academic article in the Public Administration Review
in 1967. In 2001 he was named one of the top 100 American
intellectuals. At the same year he was awarded the John P. Mc-
Govern Award in Behavioral Sciences as well as the Officer’s
Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
He was also the recipient of the Seventh James Wilbur
Award for Extraordinary Contributions to the Appreciation
and Advancement of Human Values by the Conference on
Value Inquiry as well as the Sociological Practice Association’s
Outstanding Contribution Award.
[Jacob Jay Lindenthal]
EUCHEL, ISAAC ABRAHAM (1756–1804), Hebrew author,
Bible commentator, and one of the leaders of the *Haskalah
in Germany. Born in Copenhagen, Euchel, having received a
traditional education, moved in 1773 to Koenigsberg, where
he earned his living as a tutor in the home of the wealthy
*Friedlaender family. In 1781 he attended Kant’s lectures at
the University of Koenigsberg. He was recommended for a
lectureship in Hebrew at the university but was rejected because
he was Jewish. In 1787, Euchel moved to Berlin, where
he managed the printing press of the Juedische Freischule
(Ḥinnukh Ne’arim School). Later he worked as a bookkeeper
for a commercial firm.
Euchel’s literary and communal activity began in 1782
(in Koenigsberg) with the publication of his pamphlet Sefat
Emet, in which he called for the establishment of a school in
Koenigsberg, based on the principles of the Enlightenment.
In 1782 he was one of the founders of Ḥevrat Doreshei Leshon
Ever (The Society of Advocates of the Hebrew Language),
which started to publish Ha-Me’assef, and, with Menahem
Mendel Breslau, published Naḥal ha-Besor, the prospectus of
Ha-Me’assef. He served as one of the editors of Ha-Me’assef as
long as he was in Koenigsberg (till 1790), and published several
articles in that periodical, including the first monograph
on Moses Mendelssohn, entitled Toledot Rabbenu he-Ḥakham
Moshe ben Menaḥem (published in book form in Berlin, 1789).
He also prepared a free translation of the prayer book into
German (1786) and wrote a commentary on Proverbs, with a
German translation in Hebrew characters (Berlin, 1790). In
addition, he is credited with the authorship of Iggerot Meshullam
Ben Uriyyah ha-Eshtemo’i which started to appear in Ha-
Me’assef in the autumn of 1789, and which seemed in some
eugenius
respects to imitate Montesquieu’s Persian Letters. In 1797 he
published in Breslau a pamphlet (German in Hebrew characters)
entitled Ist nach dem juedischen Gesetze das Uebernachten
der Todten wirklieh verboten? To combat the influence of
the Orthodox, Euchel wrote (about 1792) a satirical comedy
in colloquial Yiddish, called Reb Henekh, Oder Vos Tut Men
Damit. No copies are extant of this edition, which apparently
was published after Euchel’s death. A new edition in Gothic
characters (Reb Henoch; oder Was thut men damit) appeared
in Berlin in 1846; and in 1933, Z. Rejzen republished it in his
Arkhiv far der Geshikhte fun Yidishen Teater un Drama, from
the manuscript preserved in the Rosenthaliana library in
Amsterdam. The play, sharply satirical, especially in the portrayal
of the Orthodox, reflects the relations between Jews
and non-Jews in Prussia during the period of the struggle for
emancipation.
Bibliography: Klausner, Sifrut, 1 (19522), 131–43; M. Erik,
Di Komedies fun der Berliner Oyfklerung (1933), 42–61; J.L. Landau,
Short Lectures on Modern Hebrew Literature (19382), index; N. Slouschz,
Renascence of Hebrew Literature (1909), 41.
[Gedalyah Elkoshi]
°EUGENIUS, name of four popes. They include the following:
EUGENIUS III (1145–53). At the time of Eugenius’ solemn
entry into Rome in 1145, the Jews of the city formed part of
the procession which welcomed him. Probably as a result of
the anti-Jewish persecutions following the preaching of the
Second Crusade, Eugenius renewed the Sicut Judaeis, Pope
Calixtus II’s bull of protection for the Jews (see papal *bulls).
In doing this, he may have acted on the advice of *Bernard of
Clairvaux, his former teacher, with whom he maintained close
relations. In one of a series of letters to Pope Eugenius written
between 1149 and 1152, Bernard pointed out that the concern
of the pope should also go out to the Jews.
EUGENIUS IV (1431–47). The greater part of his reign was
especially favorable for the Jews. In 1432, soon after his ascent
to the papal throne, Eugenius IV ratified the privileges of the
Jewish communities of Lombardy, the Marches, and Sardinia.
He retained his predecessor’s Jewish personal physician, Elia di
Sabato, and in 1433 confirmed his freedom of the city and his
salary. On Feb. 6, 1434, he assured the German Jewish communities
of his protection, particularly against attempts at forced
conversion, any interference with the practice of their religion,
and desecration of their cemeteries. Eugenius ordered the lay
and ecclesiastical authorities to assist the Jewish communities
in the payment of their taxes.
The change in his attitude probably followed on the deliberations
of the Council of Basle (1431–37), which also adopted
a severe attitude toward Christian heresies. In order not
to appear dilatory in his strictness toward the Jews, in 1442
Eugenius forbade Christians in Leon and Castile to have any
relationships with them as maids or menservants. The Jews
were forbidden to erect any new synagogues, to lend money
on interest, and to work on Sundays and Christian holidays;
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6 547